Miscue is the observed response which contradicts the expected response in reading aloud (Goodman, 1973). In this study, by using a picture story book, the reading process and cueing strategies of three English as Foreign Language (EFL) participants who are a higher achiever, middle achiever, and struggling learner were analyzed by using miscue analysis which was first introduced by Goodman, Watson, and Burke (1987). The audio recordings of participants’ reading aloud were type scribed and the miscues were coded by using miscue analysis coding systems. The coding systems, syntactic acceptability, semantic acceptability, no meaning change, graphic similarity, and sound similarity show the reading process and the cueing strategies that were used during the reading aloud process. In addition, the miscues that were created by each participant discern the cueing strategies (initiating, sampling, and confirming) that the participants’ used. This research concludes that miscue analysis is applicable to perceive the reading process in reading aloud and implicates the best ways for each participant to improve their reading skill.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
ABSTRACT II
TABLE OF CONTENTS III
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF FIGURES VII
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 3
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 READING 5
2.2 LANGUAGE CUEING SYSTEM 5
2.3 READING CUEING STRATEGY 6
2.4 RELATED STUDIES 6
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 9
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 9
3.2 RESEARCH CONTEXT 10
3.3 PROCEDURE OF COLLECTING THE DATA 11
3.4 DATA COLLECTION AND INSTRUMENTATIONS 12
3.4.1 Picture Story Book 12
3.4.2 Audio recorder 13
3.4.3 Miscue Analysis Inventory 13
3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 14
3.5.1 Marking/Coding System 15
3.5.2 Syntactic and Semantically Acceptability, and Meaning Change 16
3.5.3 Language Sense 18
3.5.4 Graphic Similarity and Sound Similarity 19
3.5.5 Expository Retelling Guide 20
CHAPTER FOUR RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 21
4.1 READING ALOUD SKILLS 21
4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 1: READERS’ PROFILES 23
4.2.1 Alex 23
4.2.2 Brenda 27
4.2.3 Christopher 30
4.2.4 Discussion of the Readers’ Profiles 33
4.2.5 Discussion of the Retelling 33
4.3 RESEARCH QUESTION 2: LANGUAGE SENSE 34
4.3.1 Alex 35
4.3.2 Brenda 36
4.3.3 Christopher 37
4.3.4 Discussion of Language Sense 38
4.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 3: THE CUEING STRATEGIES 39
CHAPTER FIVE IMPLICATIONS 43
REFERENCES 45
APPENDICES 47
APPENDIX A. ENGLISH INFORMED CONSENT LETTER 47
APPENDIX B. INDONESIAN INFORMED CONSENT LETTER 48
APPENDIX C. “MARKING SYSTEMS OF MISCUE ANALYSIS” (GOODMAN, 1995) 49
APPENDIX D. BLANK FORM OF EXPOSITORY RETELLING GUIDE 51

Alborough, J. (2002). Captain Duck. London: HarperCollins
Alyousef Alyousef, Dr Hesham. (2005). Teaching reading comprehension to ESL/EFL learners. Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal. 5. 143-154. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235771368_Teaching_reading_ comprehension_to_ESLEFL_learners
Anderson, N.J. 2014. Developing Engaged Second Language Readers. In M. Celce-Murcia, M. A. Snow, & D. Brinton, (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 4th Ed., (pp. 170-188). Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
Ediger, A. (2014). Teaching second/foreign language literacy to school-age learners. In M. Celce-Murcia, M. A. Snow, & D. Brinton, (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 4th Ed., (pp. 154-169). Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
Goodman, K. (1969). Analysis of Oral Reading Miscues: Applied Psycholinguistics. Reading Research Quarterly, 5(1), 9-30. doi:10.2307/747158. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/747158.pdf
Goodman, K.S. (1973). Miscues: Windows on the reading process. In Goodman, K. S., & ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills. (1973). Miscue analysis: Applications to reading instruction. Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills.
Goodman, Y., Watson, D., & Burke, C. L. (1987). Reading miscue inventory: Alternative procedures. New York, NY: Richard C. Owen
Goodman, Y. (1995). Miscue Analysis for Classroom Teachers: Some History and Some Procedures" Primary Voices, Volume 3, Number 4, November, 1995, p.2-9.
Hamied, F.A. 2010. Asia TEFL Book 2010, volume 4, EFL Assessment in Indonesia: National Exams & Quality Education. p.99-120.
Hardiyanti, R. 2017. Analysis of the differences faced by a bilingual child in reading and writing. Advances in Language and Literacy Studies, 18(4):43–49. Retrieved from http://www.journals.aiac.org.au/index.php/alls/article/view/3701
Kucer, S. (2016). Accuracy, Miscues, and the Comprehension of Complex Literary and Scientific Texts. Reading Psychology. 37. 1-20. 10.1080/02702711.2016.1159632.
Leger & Cameroon. (2013). Meaning Construction in Early Oral Reading. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 27:4, 454-471. 10.1080/02568543.2013.823898
Magart & Zintz. (1992). The reading process: The teacher and the learner. Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark
Merriam, S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2017). PIRLS 2016 International Results in Reading. Retrieved from Boston College, TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center website: http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/
Musthafa, B. & Hamied, F. A. (2014). Teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesian schools in the reform era: What do teachers have to say? The New English Teacher, 8(2), 1-14.
Sinambela 2017. Prosody as a Tool for Assessing Reading Fluency of Adult ESL Students. P.83-87. Advanced in Language and Literacy studies. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1165018
Smith, F. (2004). Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read (6th ed.). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Theurer, J. L. (2011). Does accuracy make a difference? Examining the miscues of proficient and less than proficient adult readers. Literacy Research and Instruction, 50(3), 173-182. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/ 878894206?accountid=10534
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Yulia, Y 2014, An evaluation of English language teaching programs in Indonesian junior high schools in the Yogyakarta Province, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University.
Yusof, N. M. (2010). Influence of family factors on reading habits and interest among level 2 pupils in national primary schools in Malaysia. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 5, pp. 1160–1165). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.253 retrieve from science direct