開花是植物進入繁殖階段的首要環節，其過程主要分為三個階段：花創始(flower initiation)、花芽分化及發育(flower differentiation and development)和開花(flowering)。這些步驟的發生由植物開花基因群的表現決定，有些植物的開花基因受環境因子調控，當這些因子隨季節變動時，植物的開花時間也出現季節性的表現。隨著全球氣候變遷與都市化所造成的增溫現象，逐漸改變各種影響開花的環境條件，對仰賴氣候因子觸發開花的物種而言，這意味著植物開花時間的變動。另外，增溫現象對各季節的影響程度不同，對於花誘導與發育在不同時節的物種來說，將產生不一樣程度的壓力。為瞭解不同季節開花植物的花發育進程與對增溫現象之反應，本研究選定台北植物園（以下稱植物園）及烏來的信賢苗圃（以下稱苗圃），分別作為都市和郊區之代表樣區，藉由都市-郊區產生的溫差互為對照，進行一年的採樣及觀察。本研究觀察兩樣區內兩種春花型（春天開花）及兩種秋花型（秋天開花）物種的首綻日，並對其中三種進行花芽埋蠟切片，記錄由葉芽轉變為花芽，及各花器出現的時間點，以比較溫度差異對兩型植物花芽發育的影響。
兩個樣區內的溫度資料顯示，植物園樣區平均日均溫比苗圃樣區高2.6℃，溫差最大的季節為(3.1℃)，溫差主要源於每日最低溫的差異。此外，研究期間僅台北測站9月底有連續18天的不降雨日，但未達中央氣象局對乾旱的定義，所以本研究排除乾旱對兩樣區花芽發育及開花的影響。我比較四個樹種過去一年內的首綻日，植物園(暖區)的個體較苗圃(冷區)早開花的樹種僅有大頭茶(秋花型)一種；烏來杜鵑(春花型)、山櫻花(春花型)、山芙蓉(秋花型)則皆以苗圃之個體開花較早，這與過去多數研究所報導「暖化導致花期提早」的現象不相符。早春開花的山櫻花為四個物種中花期變化最大的物種，兩地首綻日的差異可達1個月。透過本研究的切片結果，我發現春花型的物種在夏季就形成花芽，歷經約7個月的發育後於翌年春初開花。苗圃樣區的山櫻花在花萼、子房形成和開花三個階段較植物園的樣木有顯著提早的現象。苗圃樣區的烏來杜鵑在10月快速地的發育出花萼到雌蕊，以致兩地發育狀態有顯著差異。秋花型大頭茶雖然是唯一高溫樣區(植物園)較早開花的物種(一週)，但兩地的花芽在各發育階段差異不顯著，其花芽形成到開花僅花費三個月。

Flower initiation and development are important steps in plant sexual reproduction of flowering plants. The processes to flowering could be divided into three phases: flower initiation, flower development and anthesis (flowering). These phases are determined by the genetic mechanisms, which could be autonomous or regulated by environmental factors, such as temperature, photoperiod, water availability and solar radiation, directly or indirectly. Among these factors, temperature is known to be the most common and important factor for many species. Previous records in various places showed that advanced or delayed flowering coincided with considerable warming. It is not clear which developmental phase is most sensitive to the environmental changes and could determine the change of flowering time. In order to identify crucial flower development stages that cause shift of flowering time in response to warming, this study selects the Taipei Botanical Garden (botanical garden), Taipei and Xinxian nursery (nursery) of Taiwan Forest Research Inistitute in Wulai, New Taipei district as study sites, to represent warm and cool sites, respectively. From these two study sites, I observed the first flowering dates of two spring bloomers (Rhododendron kanehirae and Prunus campanulata) and two autumn bloomers (Gordonia axillaris and Hibiscus taiwanensis). Three species were chosen for bud monitoring, except for Hibiscus taiwanensis. I collected 5 buds from each tree biweekly from May 2017 to June 2018. All buds were dissected to identify developmental stage.
Daily temperature data from the two sites showed that the effect of urban heat island caused higher mean air temperature, 2.6℃ on average, in the botanical garden compared to the nursery. During this study starting from April 1, 2017, the longest period without rain lasted for 18 consecutive days in late September. This does not meet the definition of drought by the Central Weather Bureau thus drought was not considered as an important influence on bud development in this study. I compared the first flowering day of the four target species. One autumn bloomer, Gordonia axillaris in botanical garden flowered earlier than that in nursery while the remaining species flowered earlier in the nursery. This is different from previous observation that warming leads to early flowering. Prunus campanulata exhibits the most obvious difference among the four species and the first flowering day differed for 1 month between these two sites. Bud dissection showed that the spring bloomers formed flower buds in summer, and bloom after 7 months of flower development. Bud development in Prunus campanulata was significantly delayed in the botanical garden in three stages: sepal formation, flower differentiation and flowering. In the cool site, Rhododendron kanehirae quickly developed calyx to pistil in October, so that the development stage of the two site was significantly different. Trends of change in the two autumn bloomers were inconsistent. Mean flower bud development stages of Gordonia axillaris showed no significant difference between two sites throughout the study.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 開花物候 4
2.3 都市微氣候變遷 11
第三章 材料與方法 14
3.1 研究樣區 14
3.2 氣象資料收集 14
3.3 開花物候觀察 15
3.4 切片製作及顯微觀察 16
3.5 資料處理與分析 17
第四章 結果 18
4.1 氣象資料 18
4.1.1 兩地氣象站之氣溫 18
4.1.2 樣區內HOBO溫度計之氣溫 21
4.1.3 兩地氣象站之雨量 25
4.2 開花物候 26
4.2.1 物候觀察 26
4.2.2 花芽發育進程 27
第五章 討論 38
參考文獻 42
附錄一 47
附錄二 51

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