過去研究發現，正念為基礎的訓練方式已被證實對創造力有效果。但由於八周的正念練習，在繁忙的生活中並非每個人都能夠參與。因此，本研究旨在探討短期正念之效果，以及短期正念提升中文詞彙遠距聯想能力以及視覺心像的影響。
本研究採單次真實驗設計，以東華大學之女性大學生為研究對象，共招募60位參與者。研究工具包含三個部分：「止觀覺察注意量表」、「中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗」與「視覺心像生動程度量表」，而在正念訓練的操弄使用研究者自行錄製的十分鐘錄音檔，內容為八週正念練習的基礎「觀身體與呼吸」，控制組聆聽與正念練習組聽覺關注相當的錄音，時間、語速、字數皆與實驗組相當。資料分析採用單因子共變數分析法與獨立樣本t檢定來檢驗本研究之假說。
經由實證分析，本研究分析結果如下：
（1）短期正念有效促進新手的正念程度。
（2）短期正念對中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗沒有顯著影響。
（3）短期正念對視覺心像生動程度沒有顯著影響。
本研究針對所獲得的實證結果加以討論，並提供未來研究作為參考。

Prior studies indicate that "mindfulness-based training" can improve creativity. As for the protocol of eight weeks of mindfulness practice, it seems not be able to practice in daily life. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of brief mindfulness, whether brief mindfulness enhance the performance of Chinese vocabulary distant association and the effect of mental Visual Imagery

This study adopted a single true-experimental design and recruited 60 female students from National Dong Hwa University as participants. There are three research instruments, including Mindful Awareness Attention Scale, Chinese vocabulary distant association, and Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire.
Participants were required to listen to a 10 minutes guided meditation tape (meditation) or 10 minutes audio control tape (control). Both tapes were recorded by the same person, using the same speed of speech and the same number of words. By using ANCOVA and t-test analysis, we test the research hypothesis.

The results of this study indicated that firstly brief mindfulness efficiently enhance mindfulness of beginners. Secondly, who received brief mindfulness training had no significant effect on Chinese vocabulary distant association. Finally, it revealed who received brief mindfulness training had no significant effect on Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire.

第一章、 緒論 1
第一節、研究動機 1
第二節、研究目的 2
第二章、文獻探討 3
第三章、研究方法 21
第一節、研究參與者 21
第二節、實驗設計 21
第三節、研究工具 22
第四節、施測流程 26
第五節、實驗架構 27
第四章、研究結果與討論 29
第一節、短期正念之分析 29
第二節、參與者在中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗與視覺心像生動程度之分析 30
第三節、綜合結果與討論 33
第五章、結論與建議 37
第一節、結論 37
第二節、限制與建議 38
參考文獻 39

中文文獻
丁凡, 江孟蓉, 李佳陵, 黃淑錦, 楊琇玲（譯）（2014）喬．卡巴金著。正念的感
官覺醒（初版）。臺北市 :張老師。
石世民（譯）（2012）喬．卡巴金、理察．戴衛森、薩拉．豪斯曼著。禪修的療
癒力量 : 達賴喇嘛與西方科學大師的對話（初版）。臺北市：晨星
周元琪（2007）。繪畫相關能力與心像認知能力之間的相關性。國立交通大學應
用藝術研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
丘宏義（譯）（2009）柯爾著。物理與頭腦相遇的地方 （初版）。臺北市:
天下遠見。
陳龍安（2006）：創造思考教學的理論與實際（第六版）。台北：心理。
林鈺傑（2013）初探正念取向心理治療歷程之整合架構。中華心理衛生學刊，
26（3），395-442。
張仁和、林以正、黃金蘭（2011）。中文版「止觀覺察注意量表」之信效度分
　　　析。「測驗學刊」，58，235-260。
張華城、洪文東（2004）。國小學童數學創造力與科學創造力之相關性及差異性
研究。科學教育研究與發展季刊，37，25-50。
雷叔雲（譯）（2018）。丹尼爾‧高曼, 理查‧戴維森著。平靜的心，專注的大腦 :
禪修鍛鍊, 如何改變身、心、大腦的科學與哲學（初版）。臺北市：天下雜誌股份有限公司。
賴隆彥（譯）（2005）喜戒禪師著。佛陀親授正念的四個練習（初版）。　　
臺北市: 橡樹林文化出版。
羅珮文、游勝翔、黃博聖、陳學志、施依伶、林緯倫（2017）。兒童封閉式創造
力潛能測量：「兒童版中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗」之編製及信、效度研究。測驗學刊，64(3)，237-258。
釋宗白、金樹人 （2010）。 止觀、無住－「禪修正念團體」對實習諮商心理師
　　　自我關注與諮商實務影響之初探研究
蔡秉勳（2012）。感情會「誤事」還是「成事」? 情緒對不同創造力運作的影響。
佛光大學心理學系碩士論文，未出版，宜蘭縣。
外文文獻：
Albers, A. M., Kok, P., Toni, I., Dijkerman, H. C., &DeLange, F. P. （2013）. Shared representations for working memory and mental imagery in early visual cortex. Current Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.065
Baijal, S., &Srinivasan, N. （2010）. Theta activity and meditative states: Spectral changes during concentrative meditation. Cognitive Processing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0272-0
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., …Devins, G. （2004）. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph077
Bodner, T. E., &Langer, E. J. （2001）. Individual Differences in Mindfulness: The Mindfulness/Mindlessness Scale. 13 th Annual American Psychological Society Convention.
Bowden, E. M., Jung-Beeman, M., Fleck, J., &Kounios, J. （2005）. New approaches to demystifying insight. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.012
Bostic, J. Q., Nevarez, M. D., Potter, M. P., Prince, J. B., Benningfield, M. M., & Aguirre, B. A. (2015). Being present at school: Implementing mindfulness in schools. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 24(2), 245-259.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., &Creswell, J. D. （2007）. Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., Loverich, T. M., Biegel, G. M., &West, A. M. （2011）. Out of the Armchair and Into the Streets: Measuring Mindfulness Advances Knowledge and Improves Interventions: Reply to Grossman （2011）. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025781
Cahn, B. R., &Polich, J. （2006）. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180
Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A., &Hommel, B. （2012）. Meditate to create: The impact of focused-attention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
Davidson, R. J., &Goleman-, D. J. （1977）. The role of attention in meditation and hypnosis: A psychobiological perspective on transformations of consciousness. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207147708415986
DeDreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., &Nijstad, B. A. （2008）. Hedonic Tone and Activation Level in the Mood-Creativity Link: Toward a Dual Pathway to Creativity Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739
Farah, M. J. （1988）. Is Visual Imagery Really Visual? Overlooked Evidence From Neuropsychology. Psychological Review. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.307
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z.V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., Mckeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. （2007）. Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm030

Finke, R. A., & Slayton, K. （1988）. Explorations of creative visual synthesis in mental imagery. Memory & Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197758

Finke, R. a, & Shepard, R. N. （1986）. Visual functions of mental imagery. Handbook of perception and human performance. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9608-x
Germer, C. K. （2005）. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. Focus. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608306x146095
Guilford, J. P. （Joy P., &Hoepfner, R. （1971）. The analysis of intelligence. https://adams.marmot.org/Record/.b17173462
Holas, P., & Jankowski, T. （2013）. A cognitive perspective on mindfulness. International Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.658056
Hong, F. T. （2013）. The role of pattern recognition in creative problem solving: A case study in search of new mathematics for biology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.03.017

Hüfner, K., Stephan, T., Flanagin, V. L., Deutschländer, A., Stein, A., Kalla, R., Brandt, T. （2009）. Differential effects of eyes open or closed in darkness on brain activation patterns in blind subjects. Neuroscience Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.010
Jon Kabat-Zinn, and Saki F. Santorelli, M., &with Melissa Blacker, Jeffrey Brantley, Florence-Meleo-Meyer, Paul Grossman, Ulrike Kesper-Grossman, Diane Reibel, Robert Stahl, P. Training Teachers to Deliver Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Principles and Standards.
Jüttner, M., & Rentschler, I. （2002）. Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0238004X
Kabat-Zinn, J. （1992）. Full Catastrophe Living:Using the Wisdom of Your Body and MInd to Face Stress，Pain，and Illness. The Nurse Practitioner. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199202000-00020
Kazemzadeh, M. （2012）. Apophenoetics: Virtual pattern recognition, the origins of creativity and augmenting the evolution of self. Technoetic Arts. https://doi.org/10.1386/tear.10.1.115_1
Keogh, R., &Pearson, J. （2017）. The perceptual and phenomenal capacity of mental imagery. Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.004
Kharlas, D. A., &Frewen, P. （2016）. Trait mindfulness correlates with individual differences in multisensory imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.027
Klinker, J. （2006）. Imagination. Encyclopedia of educational leadership and administration.
Kokoszka, A. （1990）. Axiological aspects of comparing psychotherapy and meditation. International Journal of Psychosomatics.
Kosslyn, S M. （1994）. Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate. 收入 MIT Press, Cambridge （MA）. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.3.415
Kosslyn, Stephen M., Ganis, G., &Thompson, W. L. （2001）. Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1038/35090055
Kosslyn, Stephen M., Sukel, K. E., &Bly, B. M. （1999）. Squinting with the mind’s eye: Effects of stimulus resolution on imaginal and perceptual comparisons. Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211412
Kuhl, J., &Kazén, M. （1999）. Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions: Joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.382
Luskin, F. （2004）. Transformative Practices for Integrating Mind–Body–Spirit. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.S-15
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., &Davidson, R. J. （2008）. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12（4）, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., …Saron, C. D. （2010）. Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610371339
Marx, E., Stephan, T., Nolte, A., Deutschländer, A., Seelos, K. C., Dieterich, M., &Brandt, T. （2003）. Eye closure in darkness animates sensory systems. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119（03）00150-2
Moore, A., &Malinowski, P. （2009）. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
Mottron, L., Dawson, M., &Soulières, I. （2009）. Enhanced perception in savant syndrome: Patterns, structure and creativity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0333
Nijstad, B. A., DeDreu, C. K. W., Rietzschel, E. F., &Baas, M. （2010）. The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. European Review of Social Psychology, 21（1）, 34–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463281003765323
Norris, C. J., Creem, D., Hendler, R., &Kober, H. （2018）. Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Attention in Novices: Evidence From ERPs and Moderation by Neuroticism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00315
O’Connor, K. P., &Aardema, F. （2005）. The imagination: Cognitive, pre-cognitive, and meta-cognitive aspects. Consciousness and Cognition, 14（2）, 233–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2004.07.005
Ostafin, B. D., &Kassman, K. T. （2012）. Stepping out of history: Mindfulness improves insight problem solving. Consciousness and Cognition, 21（2）, 1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONCOG.2012.02.014
Pearson, J. （2014）. New Directions in Mental-Imagery Research: The Binocular-Rivalry Technique and Decoding fMRI Patterns. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414532287
Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., &Kosslyn, S. M. （2015）. Mental Imagery: Functional Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19（10）, 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TICS.2015.08.003
Posner, M. I. （1982）. Cumulative development of attentional theory. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.168
Rubin, J. B. （2001）. A New View of Meditation. Source: Journal of Religion and Health Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.2307/27511513
Santorelli, S. F. （2014）. THE CENTER FOR MINDFULNESS IN MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND SOCIETY UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION （MBSR）: STANDARDS OF PRACTICE Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction （MBSR） Standards of Practice Background and Overview. Retrieved from https://www.umassmed.edu/contentassets/24cd221488584125835e2eddce7dbb89/mbsr_standards_of_practice_2014.pdf
Shallice, T. （1991）. Précis of From neuropsychology to mental structure. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0007059X
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., &Davidson, R. J. （2007）. Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biology. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138
Stahl, B., &Goldstein, E. （2010）. A mindfulness-based stress reduction workbook. New Harbinger Publications.
Sternberg, R. J., &Lubart, T. I. （1996）. Investing in Creativity. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.677
Stevenson, R. J., &Case, T. I. （2005）. Olfactory imagery: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196369
Subramaniam, K., Kounios, J., Parrish, T. B., &Jung-Beeman, M. （2009）. A brain mechanism for facilitation of insight by positive affect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21057
Tiggemann, M., &Kemps, E. （2005）. The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.06.004
Wang, C.-C., Ho, H.-C., Wu, J.-J., &Cheng, Y.-Y. （2014）. Development of the scientific imagination model: A concept-mapping perspective. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 13（13）, 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2014.04.001
Xu, P., Huang, R., Wang, J., VanDam, N. T., Xie, T., Dong, Z., …Luo, Y. jia. （2014）. Different topological organization of human brain functional networks with eyes open versus eyes closed. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.060
Zeman, A., Dewar, M., &DellaSala, S. （2015）. Lives without imagery – Congenital aphantasia. Cortex. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.019