摘要
這個研究聚焦在印尼北蘇門答臘棉蘭的街童與作者的互動。有別於過去把街童社會問題化的視角，這個民族誌，呈現街童的家庭移動背景以及現在街頭的生活與工作狀況。研究發現街童的家庭有下列特色：（1）對街童家庭而言，節儉與互助是一種生活態度而非美德；（2）街童家庭跨境移動追求城市更多的工商工作機會，卻潦倒失利而淪入城市邊緣據封閉性的貧窮社區；（3）兒童俺然是自己的心理師，走入街頭尋求原本生活中缺乏的關注與連結；（4）街童有家族牽引的現象，兒童會去投靠已經在街頭工作的年長親戚。

再者，街童經驗是在兩個極端張力中發展：例如，有些居民非常鄙視街童，社會政策與公權力不斷要肅清街童，但在這種極不友善態度的另外一端，不少鄰居及商家和街童產生共生互助的友善與照顧關係；此外，街頭是街童自在有歸屬感的地方，但同時，也是鬥爭、相互剝削充滿危險的之處。尤其弱小的和女性，更容易受到身體與精神上的暴力對待。

研究的主要重點環繞著教育的元素，探討非營利組織對街童進行的宗教與種種技能和閱讀能力的培養。研究者本身也發展了攝影課程，和街童有直接的互動。然而過程中發現，傳統的教學概念，以教師為中心，傳遞正確思想與技能給學生的方式，在街童教育上是完全不適用的。研究者反思與街童的互動，以受壓迫者教育學「以底層學生經驗為學習中心」概念，提出朝向未知的教育學。如果教育不是一再重複既有的認知框架，由與街童教學經驗中提取出的撞擊自我界限的聆聽與敞開，涵納而非控制不確定與危險的教育實踐，才是朝向超越既有、具教育真諦的學習。

Abstract
This research started as a study about the street children in Indonesia, specifically in Medan, North Sumatra. As it went along, it turns to emphasize how my encoutnering with them shed a new light on my way of understanding what education should be. As a result the pedagogy of not-yet-known was brought to light.
This ethnographic study explores the context within which street children became living and working on the street. In describing their experience on the street, this research paid attention to the activities they engage and the spaces where they hanged out. This study also examined the role that a NGO played, particularly its effort to educate street children. Five street children and their family members agreed to be interviewed. Detailed accounts and explanations of their past and present are explored and recorded in this thesis. The author developed a personal rapport with the street children who form part of this study.
Most importantly, reflecting on her encountering with street children, the author proposes pedagogy of the not-yet-known, which place students’ life experience at the center of teaching and learning, and invited educators to go beyond what was already known and open themselves up to emergent difference in the other and in oneself.

Keywords: Street children, life process on street, Medan, North Sumatra Indonesia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement............................................... i
Abstract...................................................... iii
Table of Contents............................................ vi
List of Tables............................................... viii
List of Figures.............................................. ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...................................... 1
1.1. The Background of Research.............................1
1.2. The Statement of Problem...............................10
1.3. Research Questions.....................................11
1.4. Structure of the thesis................................11
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................15
2.1. Street Children in Indonesia...........................15
2.2. The Phenomenon of Street Children in North Sumatra.....16
2.3. The Street Children Get Support Network................18
2.4. Migration and Mobility.................................19
2.5. What the Street children do in conflict in Medan city..20
2.6. Non-Formal Education (NFE) through Non-Government
Organization(NGO)………………………………………………………. 21
2.7. Education for Street Children........................ 24
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY..................................... 27
3.1. The Research Design.................................. 27
3.1.1. Ethnographic Research................................ 28
3.2. The Research Location................................ 28
3.2.1. Street Children spread themselves in some locations.. 31
3.3. The Participant Selection............................ 39
3.3.1 Street Children.................................. ... 40
3.3.2. Social worker, volunteer, staff, manager, director, resident, and parents................................................... 42
3.4. The Description of Data Collection.................... 43
3.5. Role as a Participant Observer........................ 44
3.6. Interview............................................. 47
3.6.1. Semi-Structured Interview............................. 48
3.7. Documentation......................................... 50
3.8. Ethical Consideration................................. 50
3.9. Data Analysis......................................... 51
CHAPTER IV: Result and Discussion............................. 55
4.1.1. The City of Medan..................................... 56
4.1.2. Where Street Children hanged out and Work............. 57
4.3. Backgrounds of the Street Children under Study....... 65
4.3. Experiences of Children on the Street in Medan, North
Sumatra............................................... 75
(1) Neighbors................................................. 75
(2) Comfort Zone.............................................. 77
(3) Freedom and Independence.................................. 78
(4) Having Fun................................................ 80
(5) Outbreaks................................................. 81
(6) Sex behavior.............................................. 83
(7) Health and Hygiene........................................ 85
(8) Hunger.................................................... 87
(9) Violence.................................................. 88
CHAPTER V:NGO’S Role.......................................... 93
5.1. NGOs as the mediator between government, family and
street children............................................... 94
5.2. Social Inclusion Approach to deal with Street Children
Issues........................................................ 97
5.3. The Educational Programs to Help Children on the Street99
(1) Agricultural Outreach................................. 99
(2) Religious outreach.................................... 101
(3) Skill Outreach Division.............................. 104
(4) Outreach programs.................................... 107
5.4. Pedagogical encounters with Street Children.......... 109
(1) Not to give them money!............................... 109
(2) The Arrangement that We Called Teaching.............. 111
(3) Literacy and Photography Lessons..................... 113
(4) Pedagogical for the Not-yet-known.................... 124
5.5. Concluding Remarks................................... 128
References................................................... 131

Appendix..................................................... 139

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