This thesis examines the ways in which Japanese idols are using digital technology for promotion, image building and fan interaction, as groups and as individuals. Digital technology continues to develop and become an integral part of people's lives every year and adapting to these changes is a challenge that consumers and companies alike face; the entertainment industry being no exception. Idols, because they have a large diversified media presence beyond just music production and a large, active fan base, provide a unique opportunity to view many of the diverse ways entertainers can and are using digital technology and media to further their brands and facilitate fan interaction in the Japanese market.
This thesis specifically explores the usage of media in the categories of video, social media, and mobile applications and games. Discussion covers television variety show and drama styles unique to idols, online streaming videos, social media platforms, from traditional blogs to the modern Twitter and Instagram, and video games and applications that are played on smartphones and portable video gaming systems. I also explore the ways each of these are used to build image and facilitate fan interaction (where applicable) and how successful each media has been at this and in general. The research shows that idols have been generally successful in their endeavors across a multitude of media. By finding audiences across such a wide variety of media platforms they have raised name recognition, of both groups and individual members, while creating an image of accessibility and strengthening parasocial relationships with fans. Social media has also allowed for more frequent fan interaction via various platforms. While some specific media have failed, in general there are strong viewer/user bases for these digital media, as evidenced by ratings, follower counts, downloads, sales, etc.

Chapter 1 – Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Idols 2
1.3 Digital Media 7
1.4 Research Questions 8
1.5 Structure 9
Chapter 2 – Literature Review 11
2.1 Idols 12
2.1.1 Idols in General 11
2.1.2 Image, Intertextuality, and Marketing 12
2.2 Digital Media 13
2.2.1 Social Media Theory 13
2.2.2 Technology Mediated Celebrity-Fan Relationships 14
2.3 Conclusion 15
Chapter 3 - Methodology 17
3.1 Data Collection and Textual Analysis 17
3.2 Participatory Observation 20
3.3 Conclusion 21
Chapter 4 – Television & Online Streaming 23
4.1 Television 23
4.1.1 Kanmuri Bangumi 23
4.1.2 Dramas 31
4.2 Online Streaming 33
4.2.1 YouTube 33
4.2.2 Nico Nico Douga 36
4.2.3 Hulu, Netflix, & Amazon 37
4.2.4 LINE Live 38
4.2.5 Live on Demand 39
4.3 Conclusion 40
Chapter 5 – Social Media 43
5.1 Image Building: Blogging & Micro-blogging 45
5.1.1 Blogs 45
5.1.2 Google+ 48
5.1.3 Mobile Mail 49
5.1.4 Twitter 50
5.2 Image Building: Images 53
5.2.1 Instagram 53
5.3 Fan Interaction 55
5.3.1 755 55
5.3.2 Showroom 56
5.4 Conclusion 61
Chapter 6 – Mobile Applications & Games 65
6.1 Game and Applications 65
6.1.1 Rhythm Games 65
6.1.2 Card Battle Games 70
6.1.3 Dating Simulation Games 70
6.1.4 Other Games 73
6.1.5 Mobile Applications 75
6.1.6 Meaning to Fans 76
6.2 Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality 78
6.3 Conclusion 79
Chapter 7 – Conclusion 81
7.1 Using digital media to construct image 81
7.2 Intertextuality: Interplay between different media 82
7.3 Fan Interaction: Using digital media to bridge the gap with fans 83
7.4 Consumer’s position: what has it meant to fans? 83
7.5 Limitations and potential further research 84
7.6 Final thoughts 86
References 87

AiiA Corporation, Nogizaka46 LLC, & Y&N Brothers Inc. (2018, March 7). Nogizaka46 Rhythm Festival (Version 1.2.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.co.aiia.nogifes
Aitken, S. C. (2015). Textual analysis: Reading culture and context. In Methods in Human Geography: A guide for students doing a research project(Second ed., pp. 233-249). Abingdon: Routledge.
AKB48. (2013, March 21). 「AKB48ステージファイター」会員登録者数400万人突破記念　～応援ありがとうキャンペーン～ [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://ameblo.jp/akihabara48/entry-11494331866.html
AKB48. (n.d.-a). Video list [LINE Live channel]. Retrieved from https://live.line.me/channels/26
AKB48. (n.d.-b). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/AKB48/featured
AKB48 Group. (n.d.). AKB48グループ映像倉庫. Retrieved May 11, 2018, from https://akb48group-eizo.jp/
AKB48 Group. (2016, August 10). 『AKB48グループ じゃんけん大会2016予備戦』1日目 独占生中継[Video file]. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from http://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv270818819
AKB48 Stage Figther 2 Battle Festival. (2017, February 21). 【22種の豪華報酬が当たる!?】バトフェス事前登録キャンペーン. Retrieved from https://akb48battlefes.jp/info/20170221-2.html
Allfuz. (2017, May 08). 「乃木恋」，リリース1周年で「第5回彼氏イベント」開催。彼氏特典は「リアルイベント」への招待. Retrieved from http://www.4gamer.net/games/338/G033812/20170508024/
Artdink Corporation. (2012). AKB1/149 Renai Sousenkyo [Video game]. Toukyou: Bandai Namco Games.
Artdink Corporation. (2011). AKB1/48 Idol to Guam de Koi shitara... [Video game]. Toukyou: Bandai Namco Games.
Artdink Corporation. (2010). AKB1/48 Idol to Koi shitara... [Video game]. Toukyou: Bandai Namco Games.
Akimoto, Y. (Producer). (2018, March 23-25). Nogizaka46 6th Anniversary Nogizaka46 Jikan TV[Online broadcast]. Retrieved from http://www.nogizaka46.com/smph/46tv/
Allfuz Inc., Nogizaka46 LLC, Y&N Brothers Inc., & 10ANTZ Inc. (2018, February 16). Nogi Koi (Version 2.1.3) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.co.nogikoi.and
Aoyagi, H. (2005). Island of eight million smiles: idol performance and symbolic production in contemporary Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Baym, N. K. (2014). The Perils and Pleasures of Tweeting with Fans. In K. Weller (Ed.); A. Bruns (Ed.); J. Burgess (Ed.); M. Mahrt (Ed.); C. Puschmann (Ed.), Twitter and Society (pp. 221-236). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Bennett, K. (2002). Participant Observation. In Doing Cultural Geography (pp. 139-150) London: Sage.
Channel Miyawaki Sakura. (n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/c/sakura_ch
Chou, Kurena. (2017, February). New generation declaration 03 (H. Sekine, Interviewer) Entame, 188, 54-55
Chua, B. (2017). Regional soft power/creative industries competition. In Routledge Handbook of East Asian Popular Culture (pp. 242-253). New York: Routledge.
Cohen, J. (1999). Favorite characters of teenage viewers of Israeli serials. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 327-345.
ComScore. (2017, January 9). 日本の動画サービス利用動向の2016年10月データを公開. Retrieved from https://www.comscore.com/jpn/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Releases-Japan-Desktop-Online-Video-Rankings-for-October-2016
Complex. (2018, February 23). The Most Viewed YouTube Videos. Retrieved from http://www.complex.com/life/most-viewed-youtube-videos/see-you-again
DMM. (n.d.). DMM.com LIVE!! ON DEMAND. Retrieved May 11, 2018, from http://www.dmm.com/lod/
Enish Inc., Seed&Flower LLC, & Y&N Brothers Inc. (2018, March 6). Keyaki no Kiseki (Version 1.8.301) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.enish.keyakise&hl=ja
Excite. (2016, November 06). 配役が原因？　AKBドラマ『キャバすか学園』が視聴率大苦戦 - エキサイトニュース. Retrieved from https://www.excite.co.jp/News/entertainment_g/20161103/Myjitsu_011276.html
Galbraith, P. W. (2018). 'National idols': The case of AKB48 in Japan. In Routledge Handbook of Japanese Media (pp. 136-153). New York: Routledge.
Galbraith, P. W., & Karlin, J. G. (Eds.). (2012). Idols and Celebrity in Japanese Media Culture. Palgrave Macmillan.
Game Uriage Teiten Kansoku. (2018, February 24). 2011年 ソフト売上ランキング（TOP100）. Retrieved from http://teitengame.com/2011_01.html
Game Uriage Teiten Kansoku. (2018, February 24). 2012年 ソフト売上ランキング. Retrieved from http://teitengame.com/2012_01.html
Game Uriage Teiten Kansoku. (2018, February 24). 2013年 ソフト売上ランキング. Retrieved from http://teitengame.com/2013_01.html
Giles, D. C. (2002). Parasocial Interaction: A Review of the Literature and a Model for Future Research. Media Psychology, 4(3), 279–305. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403
GREE Inc., & AKS. (2016, July 28). AKB48 Stage Fighter (Version 2.0.4) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.gree.android.pf.greeapp1604
GREE Inc., Pokelabo Inc., & AKS. (2018, March 15). AKB48 Stage Fighter 2 Battle Festival (Version 1.8.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.co.pokelabo.battlefes&hl=ja
HKT48 Tomonaga Mio Official Channel. (n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3wXzTSmpI8TmILiK01nuuQ
Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19, 215-229.
Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we Instagram : a first analysis of Instagram photo content and user types. Proceedings of the Eight International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, (McCune 2011), 595–598.
Imamura, M., Matsuoka, H., Murakawa, B. (2017, February). New generation declaration 06 (K. Kojima, Interviewer) Entame, 188, 60-61
Inoue S., Takayama, K. (2017, May). 自然体に身をゆだねて..... (S. Oonuki, Interviewer) EX Taishu, 152, 16-18.
ITmedia. (2018, February 08). 「ニコ動」有料会員、減少ペース加速　3カ月で14万人減. Retrieved from http://www.itmedia.co.jp/business/articles/1802/08/news107.html
Iwabuchi, K. (2003). Recentering globalization: Popular culture and Japanese transnationalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
Java, A., Song, X., Finin, T., & Tseng, B. (2007). Why We Twitter: Understanding Microblogging Usage and Communities. Proceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 Workshop on Web Mining and Social Network Analysis - WebKDD/SNA-KDD ’07, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1145/1348549.1348556
Jerslev, A., & Mortensen, M. (2016). What is the self in the celebrity selfie? Celebrification, phatic communication and performativity. Celebrity Studies, 7(2), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2015.1095644
Jung, S., & Hirata, Y. (2012). Conflicting Desires: K-Pop Idol Girl Group Flows in Japan in the Era of Web 2.0. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, 12(2).
Keyaki no Kiseki. (n.d.). 欅のキセキ｜欅坂46公式ゲームアプリ. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from https://keyakise.jp/
Keyakizaka46. (n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmr9bYmymcBmQ1p2tLBRvwg
Kirsch, G. (2014). Next-door divas : Japanese tarento , television and consumption. Journal of Japanese and Korean Cinema, 6(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17564905.2014.929411
Kitagawa R., Matsui, J. (2017, August). チャンピオンの条件　（H. Inukai, Interviewer) Bubka, 61, 66-69
Kiyota,T., Morooka, Y., Kiyomizu, K., Sugita, S., Teruwaka, R. (Directors). (2017, June 13). Mousou Seishun Request!! [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), NOGIBINGO!8. Toukyou: NTV.
Koei Tecmo Games Co. Ltd. (2013, June 11). 「AKB48の野望」，登録者数40万人突破を記念して2大キャンペーンが開催. Retrieved from http://www.4gamer.net/games/198/G019827/20130611027/
Koei Tecmo Games Co., Ltd., & AKS. (2013). AKB48 no Yabou [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.gamecity.ne.jp/akb48/
Komine, H., & Nemoto, N. (Writers), & Hamatani, K., & Komatsu, T. (Producers). (2015). Hatsumori Bemars[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
Konno, Y., Koshiji, E., Sano, H., & Nagao, M. (Producers). (2015). Keyaki tte, Kakenai?[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
Konno, Y., Ochi, E., Horie, T., Nagao, M., Sano, H., Tsunekawa, M., & Koyanaka, M. (Producers), & Tsuchida, M., Shirono, K., Satou, E., Yamamoto, K., & Yoshida, M. (Directors). (2015). Nogizaka Under Construction[Television series]. Nagoya: TV Aichi.
Laurier, E. (2010). Participant Observation. In Key Methods in Geography (Second ed., pp. 116-130). Los Angeles: Sage.
Liica Inc., & AKS. (2018, March 18). AiKaBu (Version 1.11.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.aikabu
Macromill. (2017, July 31). 動画広告ユーザー調査　内容を最も覚えているのはソーシャルメディアの動画広告！？　～第2回　マクロミル×デジタルインファクト共同調査～ | Macromill. Retrieved from https://www.macromill.com/press/release/20170731.html
Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2013). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
Miller, D., Costa, E., Haynes, N., McDonald, T., Nicolescu, R., Sinanan, J., … Wang, X. (2015). How The World Changed Social Media. PhD Proposal (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Modelpress. (2017, December 23). 【トップ30】今年最も多くツイートされた言葉＆ハッシュタグ発表 西野七瀬・齋藤飛鳥・香取慎吾ら個人名もランクイン＜＃Twitterトレンド大賞＞ - モデルプレス. Retrieved from https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1736359
Mori, H., Kamata, C., Setoyama, M., Hashimoto, H., & Yamaoka, J. (Writers), & Okabe, S., Nakagawa, J., Abiru, K., Ishida, Y., & Satani, H. (Producers). (2010). Majisuka Gakuen[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
Moriya, A., Suzumoto M. (2017, February). フロントへの4人の想い、未来へのステップ (E. Miyata, Interviewer) Bomb, 444, 37.
Moto-Azabu Factory (Writer), & Iwasaki, H., Itou, H., & DeMott, S. (Producers). (n.d.). Crow’s Blood[Television series]. Retrieved from http://www.hulu.jp/crows-blood/
Moto-Azabu Factory, & Endou, S. (Writers), & Watanabe, T., Honda, S., Horio, S., & Sumitani, S. (Producers). (2016). Kyabasuka Gakuen[Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
Mouri, S. (Producer). (2008). AKBINGO![Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
Mouri, S. (Producer). (2013). NOGIBINGO![Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
Murooka, Y., Tanaka, H., & Hosaka, D. (Writers), & Yamato, K., Egawa, T., Nomura, T., Narita, G., Kobayashi, F., Takiyama, N., & Kamanaka, Y. (Producers). (2017). Re:Mind[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
Nakao, K., Morooka, Y., Ryuugou, T., Yoshioka, D., & Nakajima, A. (Directors). (2018, February 14). Kyun-1 Grand Prix 2018 [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), AKBINGO!. Toukyou: NTV.
Nama no Idol ga Suki. (2018, March 27). 乃木坂46がMCのアイドル番組「生のアイドルが好き」【ゲスト:Juice=Juice / まねきケチャ】[Video file]. Retrieved April 27, 2018, from http://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv311961320
Nama no Idol ga Suki Official [namaidol]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter page]. Retrieved April 27, 2018, from https://twitter.com/namaidol
Nanba, M., Saitou, T., & Sasaki, T. (Producers). (2008). AKB 0-ji 59-fun![Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
Nihon Housou Kyoukai. (2017). テレビ･ラジオ視聴の現況 ～2017年6月全国個人視聴率調査から～. https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/yoron/pdf/20170901_4.pdf
NMB48. (2016, July 02). NMB48 渡辺美優紀卒業コンサート『最後までわるきーでゴメンなさい』独占生中継[Video file]. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from http://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv268053236
Nogizaka46. (n.d.-a). Video list [LINE Live channel]. Retrieved from https://live.line.me/channels/733
Nogizaka46. (n.d.-b). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/user/nogizaka46SMEJ
Nogizaka46. (2018, March 23). 乃木坂4６時間TV. Retrieved May 15, 2018, from http://www.nogizaka46.com/46tv/
Nogizaka46 ~always with you~. (n.d.). 【公式】乃木坂46 ～always with you～│乃木坂46公式アラームファンアプリ. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from https://nogizaka46-awy.com/
Okabe, R. (2017, June). さいたまに咲かせた桜 (H. Inukai, Interviewer) Bubka, 59, 102-104
Ouki, S. (Writer), & Tanaka, Y., Toda, K., & Koizumi, M. (Producers). (2011). Sakura kara no Tegami ~AKB48 Sorezore no Sotsugyou Monogatari~[Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
Oya, Shizuka. (n.d.). Profile [755 page]. Retrieved July 03, 2018, from https://7gogo.jp/users/PKirzkSNCsUa
Painter, A. A. (1993). Japanese Daytime Television, Popular Culture, and ideology. Journal of Japanese Studies, 19(2), 295–325.
Real Sound. (2016, April 22). けやき坂46(ひらがなけやき)、SHOWROOMで新メンバーオーディションを配信. Retrieved from http://realsound.jp/2016/04/post-7231.html
Real Sound. (2017, March 24). 乃木坂46、個人PV復活の意義とは？　グループの躍進支える企画の重要性. Retrieved from https://realsound.jp/2017/03/post-11803.html
Recruit Lifestyle. (2017, June 19). 乃木坂46と一緒にバーチャル温泉旅に行けちゃう!?「じゃらんVR乃木坂温泉」. Retrieved from https://www.recruit-lifestyle.co.jp/news/pressrelease/travel/nw23374_20170323
RedQueen Inc. (2018, March 27). STU48 no 7 Narabe (Version 1.0.6) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.co.redqueen.PRJ005&hl=ja
S&P Co. Ltd. (n.d.). AKB48グループ ついに公式音ゲーでました。. Retrieved April 23, 2018, from https://strategy-p.co.jp/akb48グループ-ついに公式音ゲーでました。/
S&P Co. Ltd., & AKS. (2018, February 25). AKB48 Group tsuini Koushiki Otogee Demashita (Version 3.2.9) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.akb48game.aol
Saitou, A., Kiyota,T., Morooka, Y., Sugita, S., Ishiwada, H., Teruwaka, R. (Directors). (2017, December 12). Mousou Request Season 9!! [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), NOGIBINGO!9. Toukyou: NTV.
Sankei Digital Inc. (2017, April 06). 欅坂46の"4thシングルキャンペーン"にARアプリ「COCOAR2」が4/10まで活用中！. Retrieved from https://www.sankei.com/economy/news/170406/prl1704060269-n1.html
Sashihara, R. (2014). Gyakutenryoku: Pinchi o mate. Toukyou: Kodansha.
Shirono, K., Sasabe, R., Yamamoto, K. (Directors). (2017, April 03). Keyakizaka46 4th Single Campaign [Television series episode]. In Konno, Y., Koshiji, E., Sano, H., & Nagao, M. (Producers), Keyaki tte, Kakenai?. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
SHOWROOM. (n.d.-a). AKB48 53rdシングル 世界選抜総選挙 × SHOWROOM. Retrieved June 30, 2018, from https://www.showroom-live.com/event/akb48_sousenkyo_53rd
SHOWROOM. (n.d.-b). AKB48グループ × SHOWROOM. Retrieved August 11, 2018, from https://www.showroom-live.com/campaign/akb48_sr
SKE48 Matsumura Kaori Kaotan Channel. (n.d.). Home [YouTube channel]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJd-wFsXrdKlFPHLwIREfDQ
Social media. (2017). Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/social_media
Social Media Lab. (2017, October 04). 国内MAU2,000万！ Instagram Dayから見るビジネス活用の展望 « SNSマーケティングの情報ならソーシャルメディアラボ【Gaiax】. Retrieved from https://gaiax-socialmedialab.jp/post-54313/
Social Media Lab. (2018, June 22). 【無料で簡単DL】2018年6月更新！ 11のソーシャルメディア最新動向データまとめ « SNSマーケティングの情報ならソーシャルメディアラボ【Gaiax】. Retrieved from https://gaiax-socialmedialab.jp/post-30833/
Sony Interactive Entertainment. (2017, July 03). Honkowa Presents: Nogizaka46 VR Horror House [Video game]. Retrieved May 7, 2018, from https://store.playstation.com/ja-jp/product/JP9002-CUSA07968_00-NOGIZAKAHORRORVR
Stevens, C. S. (2004). Buying intimacy: proximity and exchange at a Japanese rock concert. In W. Kelly (Ed.), Fanning the flames: Fans and consumer culture in contemporary Japan (pp. 59-78). State University of New York Press.
Stever, G. S., & Lawson, K. (2013). Twitter as a way for celebrities to communicate with fans: Implications for the study of parasocial interaction. North American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-010-9100-0
Sugiyama, N., Suzuki, S., Matsuse, S., & Nakazawa, S. (Producers). (2015). AKB Horror Night Adrenaline no Yoru[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Asahi.
Sugiyama, N., Matsuse, S., Deguchi, T., & Nakazawa, S. (Producers). (2016). AKB Love Night Koikoujou[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Asahi.
Suzuki, H., Ochi, E., Okamoto, M., Nagao, M., Sano, H., & Uchiyama, S. (Producers), & Sasabe, R., Shirono, K., Tsuchida, M., Satou, E., & Yamamoto, K. (Directors). (2011). Nogizaka tte, Doko?[Television series]. Nagoya: TV Aichi.
Tokuo, K., Kiyasu, K., & Tsuchiya, R. (Writers), & Kawamura, S., Katou, S., Aoyama, T., & Hamatani, K. (Producers). (2016). Tokuyama Daigorou wo Dare ga Koroshita ka?[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Toukyou.
Tokuo, K., & Suzuki, T. (Writers), & Hayashi, Y., Ikeda, K., Nakazawa, S., & Yajika, N. (Producers). (2017). Tofu Pro Wrestling[Television series]. Toukyou: TV Asahi.
Tomonaga, M. (2018, June 01). こんばんはみおたすだよ♪SNSについてです[Google+ post]. Retrieved from https://plus.google.com/113498563179644571221/posts/RStRCk32eHo
Tsuchiya, Y. (Writer). (2008). AKB 1-ji 59-fun![Television series]. Toukyou: NTV.
TV Asahi. (n.d.-a). AKBホラーナイト　アドレナリンの夜｜テレビ朝日. Retrieved from http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/akb-horror/actress/
TV Asahi. (n.d.-b). AKBラブナイト　恋工場｜テレビ朝日. Retrieved from http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/akb-love/actress/
Uchida, H. (Director). (2015, September 08). Anata no Mufufu wo Kanaemasu! Mousou Request Season 5 [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), NOGIBINGO!5. Toukyou: NTV.
Uno, M., Shibuya, N. (2017, June). "みぃーき"さんと語ろう! with なぎちゃん (Y. Satou, Interviewer) Entame, 192, 60-62.
WEARE Inc., Nogizaka46 LLC, & Y&N Brothers Inc. (2018, March 19). Nogizaka46 ~Always With You~ (Version 2.0.0) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.weare.alarm.nogizaka
WEARE Inc., Seed&Flower LLC, & Y&N Brothers Inc. (2018, February 16). Keyakizaka46 ~beside you~ (Version 1.0.5) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.weare.alarm.keyaki
Variety Japan. (2018, March 22). Amazon, Netflix Gain Ground in Japanese Streaming Market. Retrieved from http://variety.com/2018/tv/news/amazon-netflix-gain-ground-japan-streaming-1202729953/
Yamashita, T., Yoshihama, A., Mori, E., Yashima, T., & Uno, S. (Directors). (2011, March 30). AKBeginner [Television series episode]. In AKBINGO! Toukyou: NTV.
Yoshioka, D., Nakao, K., Morooka, Y., Ryuugou, T., & Nakajima, A. (Directors). (2018, January 31). 密着！48の24 [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), AKBINGO!. Toukyou: NTV.
Yoshioka, D., Nakao, K., & Sugita, S. (Directors). (2017, January 24). Chou Pinpoint Moe Quiz Ore ga Seikai!! [Television series episode]. In Mouri, S. (Producer), KEYABINGO!2. Toukyou: NTV.
YouTube Japan. (2017, June 23). 2017 年 VidCon におけるアナウンス. Retrieved from https://youtube-jp.googleblog.com/2017/06/2017-vidcon-updates.html
公式音ゲーで「U22 次世代メンバーの夢応援！グラビア争奪戦」 が開催中！. (2017, October 10). Retrieved from http://toyota-team8.jp/news/list/20171010-736277029445917.php