近年來，開放式創新的議題受到實務界與學界相當熱烈的關注。在實務界已經有許多開放式創新的成功典範，例如：IBM與P&G等，這些公司已經在從事開放式創新的過程中獲得許多的正面效益。而學術界也有眾多研究指出開放式創新對於企業的績效具有正面的影響。然而在眾多關於開放式創新的研究中，針對形成開放式創新的前因探討之研究仍屬於少數，因此有哪些因素會對於企業採取開放式創新的程度有所影響，便成為一個尚待解答的問題。過去學界在討論開放式創新之前因時，多以資源基礎觀點出發，探討企業內有形與無形的資源對於開放式創新的影響，然而卻鮮少有研究以高階理論的觀點來進行研究。本研究透過高階理論為基礎，探討高階經理團隊異質性與開放式創新之間的關係，同時透過管理自主權的概念，探討財務資源餘裕對於高階經理團隊異質性與開放式創新之間的關係是否具有調節作用。透過針對台灣製造業160家上市櫃公司進行實證，結果顯示高階經理團隊異質性與外向開放式創新具有正向關係，且財務資源餘裕能夠強化高階經理團隊異質性與外向開放式創新的正向關係。

Open innovation has drawn attentions from both enterprises and researchers in the recent decade. Practically, there are plenty of companies which applied open innovation successfully. E.g. IBM and P&G. These companies all gain lots of profits from applying open innovation. On the other hand, there are amounts of researchers indicated that open innovation has positive effect on firm’s performance. However, between those researches on open innovation, there are still lack of discussions on the factors which will affect open innovation. Thus, what reasons will influent the decisions of firms on open innovation has become an unsolved question. In the past, most of the studies on the factor of open innovation were based on Resource Based View (RBV) and discussed the relationships between the tangible or intangible resources and open innovation. But there are still lack of researches which explore the factors of open innovation based on Upper Echelon Theory (UET). This study proposed that the heterogeneity of top management team (TMT) will have positive effect on open innovation since it will carry out lots of intangible resources which are crucial in the process of open innovation, such as knowledge base and social capital. Thus, in this study, we dedicated on discovering the relationship between TMT heterogeneity and open innovation based on Upper Echelon Theory. Besides, this research also applied the concept of managerial discretions by adding the financial slack as a moderator. Based on the empirical research on 160 companies in the manufacturing sector from Taiwan, the result shows that TMT heterogeneity has the positive effect on outbound open innovation. Plus, the financial slack facilitates the positive effect of TMT heterogeneity on outbound open innovation.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 9
第三節 研究流程 10
第二章 文獻探討 13
第一節 高階理論 13
第二節 高階經理團隊特質與創新之文獻回顧 18
第三節 高階經理團隊異質性與開放式創新 23
第四節 高階經理人的影響力:管理自主權 30
第五節 財務資源餘裕與管理自主權-調節作用 33
第三章 研究方法 39
第一節 研究架構 39
第三節 變數定義與衡量 42
第四節 資料分析方法 50
第四章 研究結果與討論 51
第一節 樣本描述 51
第二節 迴歸分析結果 58
第三節 補充分析 62
第五章 結論 69
第一節 研究結果與討論 69
第二節 理論貢獻與實務意涵 74
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 77
參考文獻 79

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