「創新」理念最早是在1934年由經濟學家Joseph Alois Schumpeter提出，創新就好比是將原始的生產要素像化學元素般重新編排，組合而成一個新的產品，利用提高生產效率，降低生產成本，獲取最大利益方式的一個經濟過程。而創新能力，則意味著公司研發團隊相較於同業間發明新的技術或產品並加以申請專利，而佔盡先機，因此本研究預探討公司策略傾向與創新能力的影響，並加入人力資本作為調節變數。
本研究針對台灣495家上市上櫃之電子產業公司進行研究分析，藉由蒐集2013年至2016年的公司相關資料及申請專利數量情況，探討當公司策略傾向與創新能力之關係。當公司的策略傾向越前瞻時，其創新能力程度將越高，然而人力資本中員工教育程度則會強化策略傾向與創新能力之正向關係，而人力資本中員工離職率會弱化策略傾向與創新能力之正向關係。
本研究希望可以提供台灣企業作為策略與運作模式選擇的參考依據，並給予管理者實務上的建議及幫助。

The concept of “innovation”was first proposed by economist Joseph Aloos Schumpeter.Innovation just like to rerange the original production factor of chemical elements and combine to a new product which can increase the production efficiency and reduce the costs in order to obtain an economic process of best benefit. The ability of innovation means that research and development team (R&D team)is in a better position than in the same industry to invent new technologies or products and apply for patents. Therefore, the study preliminarily explores the impact of the company’s strategic tendency and innovation ability and adds human capital as an adjustment variable.
The research is based on the analysis of 495 listed electronic industry companies in Taiwan. By collecting relevant company information and the patent applications from 2013 to 2016. The Relationship between company strategy tendency and the ability of information is explored.When the company ‘a strategy intend to looking more forward ,the degree of innovation ability is higher.However, The degree of employee’s education in human capital will strengthen the relationship between the strategic tendency and the Innovation ability, and the employee’s turnover rate in human capital will weaken the positive relationship between strategic tendency and innovation.
This research hopes to provide the reference of strategy and operation mode selection for the companies in Taiwan and give managers practical advice and assistance.

第一章、導論 1
第一節、研究背景與動機 1
第二節、研究問題與目的 3
第三節、研究流程 4
第二章、文獻回顧與假說推導7
第一節、創新能力 7
第二節、策略型態 10
第三節、人力資本 18
第三章、研究方法 29
第一節、研究架構 29
第二節、資料來源與樣本 30
第三節、變數定義與衡量 30
第四章、實證結果與討論 39
第一節、敘述性統計 39
第二節、信度與效度分析 41
第三節、相關分析 43
第四節、迴歸分析結果 45
第五節、實證結果分析之討論48
第五章、結論與建議 51
第一節、研究結論 51
第二節、理論貢獻與管理意涵53
參考文獻 57
一、 中文文獻 57
二、 英文文獻 60
三、 網站資料 73

一、中文文獻
王石番 (1989)，傳播內容分析法-理論與實證，（初版），台北：幼獅文化圖書公司。
林建煌 (2003) 。策略管理。台北市：智勝。
吳思華（2000）。策略九說：臉譜出版。
李亭林（2017）。科技創新管理，第五版：華泰文化。
印永翔及陳思遐，2012，創新與研發、知識外溢之因果分析—以G20國家集團為例，經濟論文叢刊，第40卷第4期, 頁515-538。
陳明惠（2010）。創業管理：華泰文化。
賴文祥（2014）。創新管理與新產品開發，第五版。新北。滄海圖書。
岑淑筱，胡湘苓(2010)。國際觀光旅館其組織競爭力與智慧資本指標之研究，人力資源管理學報。10(1)，79-104.
黃延聰（2016）。新產品管理，第十一版：華泰文化
黃政仁（2013）。創新能力、創新效率與公司價值：以台灣電子資訊業為例：商略學報，第五卷，1期，001-017。
李家琪、陳婷惠（2016）。策略性人力資本配置與經營績效之關聯分析：組織與管理，九卷一期，39-88。
陳志強（2005）。知識吸收能力、知識分享與創新能力關聯性研究，第九屆科際整合管理研討會，376-395。
陳玉玲。（1999）。組織內人力資本的蓄積—智慧資本管理之觀點。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
陳美純（2001），資訊科技投資與智慧資本對企業績效影響之研究，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
陳鈴蕙（2003），人力資源管理對人力資本與組織績效之影響－以人力資本投資觀點，國立台灣科技大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
陳馥瑜、劉念琪(2003)，「組織績效指標間關連性探討—以離職率、生產力、獲利力為例」，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
蔡秀涓（2002），政府部門人力資本理論與應用，東吳政治學報，14，135-166。
劉明奎（1996）。人力資源部門績效指標建構之研究，私立東海大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
楊川逸（2003）。人力資源部門績效衡量指標之套討，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
廖述賢、張文榮(2010)。市場導向、創新能力、行銷能力與經營績效。商略學報，2(2)，87-107。
曾信超 (2006)。企業環境, 技術創新能力與技術資源管理能力對創新績效之影響. 科技管理學刊, 11(3), 1-30。
朱文洋（2001）。中小型醫院經營策略與營運績效之探討－以平衡計分卡觀點分析。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
張文菁，2001。企業特性、人力資本、產業環境與組織績效之相關性研究，高雄：國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
江志卿、黃興進、嚴紀中(2005)。中小企業採用網路科技之比較:創新擴散通用模式的整合觀點。資訊管理學報，12(2)，103-139。
吳世望、蔡雅芳(2007)。如何能落實組織策略?策略型態與組織文化配適之初探。經營管理論叢特刊。
吳統雄(1985)。態度與行為研究的信度與效度:理論，應用，反省。民意學術專刊，夏季號，29-53。
吳宏志(2007)。人力資本彈性與組織資本對組織創新績效的影響‐以知識產業為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
李瀚翔(2012)。序列雙元性與新產品開發績效：策略型態、吸收能力與組織即興之角色。國立東華大學國際企業系未出版之碩士論文
鍾開欽（2008），「對外直接投資、無形資產投資與組織績效之實證研究:以上市電子公司為例」，南亞技術學院教專研成果報告（編號：039），未出版。
黃毅志（1998）。台灣地區新職業分類的建構與評估。調查研究，5，5-36。
黃家齊(2003)。人力資本投資系統，創新策略與組織績效-多種契合觀點的驗證。管理評論，22(1)，99-126。
詹文男，2002，“資訊科技產業智慧資本衡量之研究-系統理論之觀點＂，國立中央大學資訊管理學系未出版博士論文。
楊雅琇(2006)。知識管理流程架構適用性之研究。
蘇中信、吳訂宜、洪宗德。(2012)。內容分析法之回顧與分析:以台灣商管期刊為
對象。弘光學報(68)，1-20。
司徒達賢 (1995)。 策略管理。台北：遠流。
司徒達賢 (2005)。 策略管理新論: 觀念架構與分析方法. 智勝文化事業有限公司。
吳思華、許牧彥、謝邦昌、鄭宇庭、黃文璋(2013)。台灣地區第三次產業創新活動調查研究計畫(E99035)【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-E99035-1
二、英文文獻
Ahn, J. M., Minshall, T., & Mortara, L. (2017). Understanding the human side of openness: the fit between open innovation modes and CEO characteristics. R&d Management.
Andrews, R., Boyne, G. A., Law, J., & Walker, R. M. (2009). Strategy, structure and process in the public sector: a test of the Miles and Snow model. Public Administration, 87(4), 732-749.
Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate strategy: business policy for growth and expansion. McGraw-Hill Book.
Arthur,J.B.(1992).The link between business strategy and industrial relations systems in American steel minimills. Industrial and Labor Review,488-506.
Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. (2010). A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 725-740.
Atuahene-Gima, K., & Murray, J. Y. (2004). Antecedents and outcomes of marketing strategy comprehensiveness. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 33-46.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Becker, G. S. 1964. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, With Special Reference to Education. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research Press.
Bianchi, M., Croce, A., Dell'Era, C., Di Benedetto, C. A., & Frattini, F. (2016). Organizing for inbound open innovation: How external consultants and a dedicated R&D unit influence product innovation performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 33(4), 492-510.
Brennan, N., and B. Connell. 2000. Intellectual capital: Current issues and policy implications. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(3): 206-40.
Bromiley, P. (1991). Testing a causal model of corporate risk taking and performance. Academy of management Journal, 34(1), 37-59.
Buzzell, R. D., Gale, B. T., & Sultan, R. G. (1975). Market share-a key to profitability. Harvard business review, 53(1), 97-106.
Carbonell, P., & Rodriguez, A. I. (2006). The impact of market characteristics and innovation speed on perceptions of positional advantage and new product performance. International journal of research in marketing, 23(1), 1-12.
Ceccagnoli, M., Graham, S. J., Higgins, M. J., & Lee, J. (2010). Productivity and the role of complementary assets in firms’ demand for technology innovations. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19(3), 839-869.
Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of American industrial enterprises. USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Chen, J., Chen, Y., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2011). The influence of scope, depth, and orientation of external technology sources on the innovative performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 31(8), 362-373.
Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape: Harvard Business Press.
Chesbrough, H., & Crowther, A. K. (2006). Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries. R&d Management, 36(3), 229-236.
Chou, C., Yang, K.-P., & Chiu, Y.-J. (2016). Coupled open innovation and innovation performance outcomes: roles of absorptive capacity. 交大管理學報, 36(1), 37-68.
Christensan C. M. & M. E. Raynor(2003), The Innovator’s Solution：Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth, Boston：Harvard Business School Press.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Innovation, 128-152.
Cruz-González, J., López-Sáez, P., Navas-López, J. E., & Delgado-Verde, M. (2015). Open search strategies and firm performance: The different moderating role of technological environmental dynamism. Technovation, 35, 32-45.
Daft, R.L. A. Dual-core model of organizational innovation. Academy of anagement Journal. 21(2), 1982:193-210.
Delaney, J.T., & Huselid, M.A., 1996. The impact of human resource managemenet practices on perceptions of organizational performance, Academy of Management Journal, 40(1)：88-171.
Dodgson, M. (1993). Organizational learning: a review of some literatures. Organization studies, 14(3), 375-394.
Dong, J. Q., & Netten, J. (2017). Information technology and external search in the open innovation age: New findings from Germany. Technological Forecasting & Social Change(120), 223-231.
Doukas, J. A., & Lang, L. H. (2003). Foreign direct investment, diversification and firm performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(2), 153-172.
Drazin, R., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1985). Alternative forms of fit in contingency theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 514-539.
Edvisson, L. and Malond, M.S.（1997）. Intellectual Capital： Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding its Hidden Roots. New York: Harper Collins.
Enkel, E., Gassmann, O., & Chesbrough, H. (2009). Open R&D and open innovation: exploring the phenomenon. R&d Management, 39(4), 311-316.
Escribano, A., Fosfuri, A., & Tribó, J. A. (2009). Managing external knowledge flows: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Research Policy, 38(1), 96-105.
Felin, T., & Zenger, T. R. (2014). Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and the governance choice. Research Policy, 43(5), 914-925.
Freeman, C., Clark, J., & Soete, L. (1982). Unemployment and technical innovation: a study of long waves and economic development. Burns & Oates.
Frishammar, J., Lichtenthaler, U., & Rundquist, J. (2012). Identifying technology commercialization opportunities: the importance of integrating product development knowledge. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(4), 573-589.
Gassmann, O., & Enkel, E. (2004). Towards a theory of open innovation: three core process archetypes.
Ghisetti, C., Marzucchi, A., & Montresor, S. (2015). The open eco-innovation mode. An empirical investigation of eleven European countries. Research Policy, 44(5), 1080-1093.
Gimenez, F. A. (1999). Miles and Snow’s strategy model in the context of small firms’. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1999 ICSB Naples conference.
Glueck, W. F. & Jauch, L. R. (1980), “ Strategic Management and Business Policy”,
New York: McGRAW-HILL.
Gonzalez-Padron, T., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. (2008). Exploiting innovative opportunities in global purchasing: An assessment of ethical climate and relationship performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(1), 69-82.
Grant, R. M., 1991. The Resource-based Theory ofCompetitive Advantage: Implications for StrategyFormulation, California Management Review,33(3), 114-135.
Greco, M., Grimaldi, M., & Cricelli, L. (2015). Open innovation actions and innovation performance: a literature review of European empirical evidence. European Journal of Innovation Management, 18(2), 150-171.
Grimaldi, M., Quinto, I., & Rippa, P. (2013). Enabling open innovation in small and medium enterprises: A dynamic capabilities approach. Knowledge and Process Management, 20(4), 199-210.
Hagerty, B. M., Williams, R. A., Coyne, J. C., & Early, M. R. (1996). Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 10(4), 235-244.
Hall, B.H., Jaffe, A. and Trajtenberg, M. (2005), Market value and patent citation, RAND Journal of Economics, Vol 36, No 1, pp.16-38
Haveman, H. A. (1992). Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48-75.
Hauknes, J. and Hales, K.,1998.Services in Innovation–Innovation in Services,STEP Group: SI4S Synthesis Paper, Oslo.1
Hauknes, J., & Ekeland, A. (2002). Mobility of researchers–policy, models and data.Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, D. (1978). Strategy formulation: Analytical concepts: West Publ.
Hitt, A.M., R.D. Ireland and R.E. Hoskisson, Strategic management：Competitiveness and globalization, West Publishing Company（1997）
Hu, Y., McNamara, P., & McLoughlin, D. (2015). Outbound open innovation in bio-pharmaceutical out-licensing. Technovation, 35, 46-58.
Huizingh, E. K. (2011). Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Technovation, 31(1), 2-9.
Hulin, C. L., M. Roznowski, and D. Hachiya. (1985). Alternative opportunities and withdrawal decisions:Empirical and theoretical discrepancies and an integration.
Hung, K.-P., & Chou, C. (2013). The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal R&D and environmental turbulence. Technovation, 33(10), 368-380.
Iansiti, M., & Clark, K. B. (1994). Integration and dynamic capability: evidence from product development in automobiles and mainframe computers. Industrial and Corporate Change, 3(3), 557-605.
Jaffe, A. B. (1989), “Real effects of academic research”,American Economic Re-view, 79(5), 957–970.
Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., and Henderson, R. (1993), “Geographic local-ization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations”,Quar-terly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577–598.
James, W. L., & Hatten, K. J. (1995). Further evidence on the validity of the self typing paragraph approach: Miles and Snow strategic archetypes in banking. Strategic management journal, 16(2), 161-168.
Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., & Volberda, H. W. (2006). Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science, 52(11), 1661-1674.
Jauch, L. R., & Glueck, W. F. (1988). Business policy and strategic management: McGraw-Hill.
Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993). Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. The Journal of Marketing, 53-70.
Johnson, G., & Scholes, K. (1993). Exploring corporate strategy. Cambridge, Prentice Hall
International. .
Joshi, A. W., & Sharma, S. (2004). Customer knowledge development: antecedents and impact on new product performance. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 47-59.
Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of consumer research, 4(1), 8-18.
Kessler, E. H., & Bierly, P. E. (2002). Is faster really better? An empirical test of the implications of innovation speed. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 49(1), 2-12.
Kim, L. (1998). Crisis construction and organizational learning: Capability building in catching-up at Hyundai Motor. Organization science, 9(4), 506-521.
Kim, N., Kim, D. J., & Lee, S. (2015). Antecedents of open innovation at the project level: empirical analysis of Korean firms. R&d Management, 45(5), 411-439.
Knight, D. J. (1999). Performance measures for increasing intellectual capital. Strategy & Leadership, 27：22-27.
Lall, S. (1992). Technological capabilities and industrialization. World development, 20(2), 165-186.
Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2006). Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among UK manufacturing firms. Strategic management journal, 27(2), 131-150.
Lavie, D., Stettner, U., & Tushman, M. L. (2010). Exploration and exploitation within and across organizations. Academy of Management annals, 4(1), 109-155.
Lee, T. S. and Tsai, H. J., 2005. The effects of business operation mode on marketing orientation, learning orientation and innovativeness, Industrial Management and Data System, 105(3), 325-348
Lev, B., and P. Zarowin. 1999. The boundaries of financial reporting and how to extend them. Journal of Accounting Research 37 (2): 353-389.
Lichtenthaler, U. (2009). Outbound open innovation and its effect on firm performance: examining environmental influences. R&d Management, 39(4), 317-330.
Lichtenthaler, U., & Ernst, H. (2009). Opening up the innovation process: the role of technology aggressiveness. R&d Management, 39(1), 38-54.
Louis, Posner, and Powell, (1983). The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices. Personnel Psycology
Lukas, Bryan A. and O.C. Ferrell (2000), “The Effect of Market Orientation on Product Innovation,” Journal of the Academy ofMarketing Science, 28 (2), 239–47.
Macduffie,J.P.(1995).Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: organizational logic and flexible production system in the world auto industry. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48:36-52.
Mansfield, N., & Griffin, M. (1998). Effect of magnitude of vertical whole-body vibration on absorbed power for the seated human body. Journal of sound and vibration, 215(4), 813-825.
Marlin, Betty G. Lall John Tepper. "Building a peace economy: opportunities and problems of post-cold war defense cuts." (1992).
Mar, B. W., Newell, W. T., & Saxberg, B. O. (1985). Managing high technology: an interdisciplinary perspective: based on papers from the Third International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1-3 August, 1984: North-Holland; New York, NY, USA: Sole Distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.
Mazzola, E., Bruccoleri, M., & Perrone, G. (2012). The effect of inbound, outbound and coupled innovation on performance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 16(06), 1240008.
McGrath, R. G. (2001). Exploratory learning, innovative capacity, and managerial oversight. Academy of management Journal, 44(1), 118-131.
Menguc, B., & Auh, S. (2008). The asymmetric moderating role of market orientation on the ambidexterity–firm performance relationship for prospectors and defenders. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(4), 455-470.
Michelino, F., Caputo, M., Cammarano, A., & Lamberti, E. (2014). Inbound and outbound open innovation: organization and performances. Journal of technology management & innovation, 9(3), 65-82.
Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1978). Organizational structure, strategy and process. New York.
Miller, D. (1988). Relating Porter's business strategies to environment and structure: Analysis and performance implications. Academy of management Journal, 31(2), 280-308.
Miller, A. &Dess, G. G. (1993).Assessing Porter’s (1980) Model in Terms of tsGeneralizability, Accuracy and Simplicity.Journal of Management Studies ,30(4), 553-585.
Mobley, W. H. (1982). Employee turnover Causes, consequences, and control.: Addison-Wesley.
Mortara, L., & Minshall, T. (2011). How do large multinational companies implement open innovation? Technovation, 31(10), 586-597.
Mowday, Porter, and Steers,(1982). Employee- Organization Linkages. New York: Academic Press.
Murray, A. I. (1988). A contingency view of Porter's “generic strategies”. Academy of management review, 13(3), 390-400.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1990). Regression, analysis of variance, and experimental design. Applied Statistical Models, 614-619.
Nohria, N., & Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of management Journal, 39(5), 1245-1264.
Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos. (2002). Evidence of intellectual capital measurement from Asia, Eroupe and the Middle East. Journal of Intelletual Capital 3 (3), 287-302.
Pérez-Luño, A., Medina, C. C., Lavado, A. C., & Rodríguez, G. C. (2011). How social capital and knowledge affect innovation. Journal of Business Research, 64(12), 1369-1376.
Patel, P., & Pavitt, K. (1998). National systems of innovation under strain: the internationalisation of corporate R&D. Science Policy Research Unit, 19, 1-25.
Patel, P. C., Terjesen, S., & Li, D. (2012). Enhancing effects of manufacturing flexibility through operational absorptive capacity and operational ambidexterity. Journal of Operations Management, 30(3), 201-220.
Pfeffer,J. L. (1994).Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of workforce. Boston: MA: HBS Press.
Rhodes, S. R., and R. M. Steers. (1990). Managing Employee Absenteeism. Reading, Mass.:Addision—Wesley.
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544.
Porter, M. E. (1979). The structure within industries and companies’ performance. Review of economics and statistics, 61(2), 214-227.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competition. New York, 300.
Porter, M.(1980), Competitive Strategy, New York: The FreePress.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and competitive advantage. Journal of business strategy, 5(3), 60-78.
Porter, M. E. (1991). Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic management journal, 12(S2), 95-117.
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy. Published November.
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition (Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 77-90). Boston: Harvard Business Review.
Quinn,J.B.(1980).Strategies forchange-Logical incrementalism.Scarborough, ON:Irwin.
Roos, J., G. Roos, N. Dragonetti and L. Edvinsson, Intellectual Capital: Navigation in theNew Business Landscape, New York University Press, New York (1997).
Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. (2001). Beyond local search: boundary‐spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic management journal, 22(4), 287-306.
Rosse, J. G.,(1988). Relations among lateness, absence and turnover:Is there a progression of withdrawal? Human Relations, 41:517-31
Schultz, T. W., & Schultz, T. W. (1982). Investing in people: The economics of population quality. Univ of California Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1912). The economic theory of development. In: Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Schumpeter, J.A.(1934).The Theory of Economic Development,Cambridge: Mass. Harvard University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of The Capitalist Process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.
Sethi, R., & Iqbal, Z. (2008). Stage-gate controls, learning failure, and adverse effect on novel new products. Journal of Marketing, 72(1), 118-134.
Shanklin, W. L., & Ryans, J. K. (1984). Marketing high technology: Free Press.
Sher, P. J., & Yang, P. Y. (2005). The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clustering on firm performance: the evidence of Taiwan's semiconductor industry. Technovation, 25(1), 33-43.
Sisodiya, S. R., Johnson, J. L., & Grégoire, Y. (2013). Inbound open innovation for enhanced performance: Enablers and opportunities. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(5), 836-849.
Slater, S. F., & Olson, E. M. (2000). Strategy type and performance: The influence of sales force management. Strategic management journal, 813-829.
Snow, C. C., & Hrebiniak, L. G. (1980). Strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 317-336.
Strull, E. (1983). America Rushes to High-Tech for Growth. Nueiness Week, 84-90.
Steiner, G.A., and Miner, J.B. (1977), Management Policy and Strategy: Text, Readings and Cases, New York: Mc-Millan Publishing Co. Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. Handbook of creativity, 1, 3-15.
Stewart, T.A. (1997), Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organizations, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
Thurow, L. C. (1996).The Future of Capitalism. London: Nicolas Brealey publishing.
Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of management journal, 44(5), 996-1004.
West, J., & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 814-831.
West, J., & Bogers, M. (2017). Open innovation: current status and research opportunities. Innovation, 19(1), 43-50.
Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of management review, 27(2), 185-203 
三、網站資料
吳奐廷(2013)。從贏到零，Nokia 怎麼了？，INSIDE硬塞的網路趨勢觀察的工作，檢索：https://www.inside.com.tw/article/1997-innovate-or-die-nokias-long-drawn-out-decline