如何做好物料管理，適時、適量的控管存貨，並藉此控制成本，對於任一企業都是最為重視的問題，更遑論是具有損耗性的產品，實務上有許多產品因為其本身的特性或是儲存的條件，造成產品不管是在數量或價值上的損失，例如：生鮮食品、電子零件、放射性物質、香水及化學物質等等，因此企業必須考量此特性，並就整體環境考量後作出最有利的決策。
零售商為了方便顧客選購產品，店鋪位置通常較鄰近顧客，受限於此，店鋪規模通常較小，造成產品儲存條件相對較差，損耗率較高，因此零售商通常不會一次訂購太多的數量，而是由儲存條件相對較好的供應商一次訂購多個批量，再依據零售商需求，逐批運送至零售商。而現今企業面臨著日益競爭的環境，供應鏈管理已成為現今最重要的課題。而供應鏈管理強調的是不同成員之間互相合作，以整體通路的利潤最大或是成本最小為目標。因此上下游之間良好的協同合作機制將能夠使供應鏈獲得更大的效益。
基於上述觀點，本研究考量一個零售商、一個供應商及具有損耗性之單一損耗性產品，在本研究中零售商為領導者，供應商為追隨者，零售商依據顧客需求向供應商提出訂購，供應商依據此需求決定自身的訂購批量，在此基礎下建立零售商以及供應商的存貨模型，並考量訂購成本、持有成本及損耗成本，建立零售商及供應商成本函數。依照零售商及供應商是否整合分為兩種情況，分別建立出決策模式，比較其優劣，並以此模式分別求出最佳解後針對不同參數進行敏感度分析獲取管理上的涵義。

The control and maintenance of goods inventories is a common problem to all enterprises in any sectors. When to replenish the inventory and how much to order for replenishment are fundamental questions in controlling inventory. Previous studies did not take account of the deterioration property of the inventory. Actually, most of goods in reality are deteriorating in every moment, such as low-temperature food, electronic components, radioactive substances, volatile chemicals, etc.
In order to make it easier for customer to choose the goods. The store is usually located closer to customers. And, its size and scale are usually small. So, the deterioration rate of goods is high. Therefore, the store prefers to keep lower inventory level. However, the size and scale of the supplier are usually large. So, the deterioration rate of goods is low. Therefore, the supplier prefers to keep multiple batches of goods and deliver to the store batch by batch.
Supply chain management has become the most important issue in the high competitive business environment. It emphasizes on the mutual collaboration between different members to achieve overall maximum profit or minimum cost of the channel. Therefore, a superior collaborative system between upstream and downstream can access a better supply chain management.
Based on the above, single deteriorating items, single buyer, and single vendor are considered in this study. The buyer plays a role as a leader and the vendor is follower. In this situation, the buyer makes an optimal decision based on the demand first. Then, the vendor makes an optimal decision based on the order from the buyer.
The inventory model and cost function of buyer and vendor are based on considering ordering cost, holding cost, and deterioration cost. Then, this study compare the total cost of two different way, integrated and non-integrated. Finally, sensitivity analysis is given to predict the outcome of a decision given a certain range of variables.

致謝 I
摘要 II
Abstract IIII
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目標 2
1.3 研究架構 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 存貨的定義與功能 5
2.2 損耗性存貨相關文獻 7
2.2.1 損耗的定義 7
2.2.2 損耗性產品特性 8
2.2.3 損耗性產品的分類 8
2.2.4 損耗性存貨模式 9
2.3 整合性存貨相關文獻 11
第三章 數學模型建構與分析 13
3.1 問題描述與研究假設 13
3.2 符號定義 15
3.3 零售商與供應商成本模式建構 17
3.3.1 零售商存貨模型推導與成本 17
3.3.2 供應商存貨模型推導與成本 19
3.3.3 整體供應鏈成本 23
3.4 決策模式分析 23
3.4.1 未整合 23
3.4.2 整合後 26
3.5 小結 27
第四章 數值案例設計與分析 29
4.1 案例設計及參數設定 29
4.2 數值案例分析 30
4.3 敏感度分析 32
4.4 小結 39
第五章 結論與建議 41
5.1 結論 41
5.2 未來建議 42
參考文獻 43
附錄 47
附錄A 47
附錄B 48

中文文獻
池福灶(1999)，「物料管理」，台北前程文化。
林清河(2006)，「物料管理(第三版)」，台北華泰文化。
博和彥(1999)，「生產管理(六版)」，台北前程文化。
黃惠民、楊伯中(2008)，「供應鏈存貨系統設計與管理」，台中滄海書局。
潘俊明(1998)，「生產與作業管理」，台北三民書局。
英文文獻
Balkhi, Z. T., Benkherouf, L. (1996). A production lot size inventory model for deteriorating items and arbitrary production and demand rates. European Journal of Operational Research, 92, 302-309.
Banerjee, A. (1986). A joint economic-lot-size model for purchaser and vendor. Decision Sciences, 17, 292-311.
Benkherouf, L. (1995). On an inventory model with deteriorating items and decreasing time-varying demand and shortages. European Journal of Operational Research, 86, 293-299.
Ghare, P., Schrader, G. (1963). An inventory model for deteriorating item for exponentially deteriorating items. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14, 238-243.
Goyal, S. K. (1977). An integrated inventory model for a single supplier-single customer problem. International Journal of Production Research, 15, 107-111.
Goyal, S. K., Giri, B. C. (2001). Recent trends in modeling of deteriorating inventory. European Journal of Operational Research, 134, 1-16.
Goyal, S. K., Nebebe, F. (2000). Determination of economic production–shipment policy for a single-vendor–single-buyer system. European Journal of Operational Research, 121, 175-178.
Huang, H., He, Y., & Li, D. (2018). Pricing and inventory decisions in the food supply chain with production disruption and controllable deterioration. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 280-296.
Hui-Ming, W. (1995). A deterministic lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages and a declining market. Computers and Operations Research, 22, 345-356.
Lee, Y. P., Dye, C. Y. (2012). An inventory model for deteriorating items under stock-dependent demand and controllable deterioration rate. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 63, 474-482.
Lu, L. (1995). A one-vendor multi-buyer integrated inventory model. European Journal of Operational Research, 81, 312-323.
Misra, R. B. (1975). Optimum production lot size model for a system with deteriorating inventory. International Journal of Production Research, 13, 495-505.
Nahmias, S. (1978). The fixed-charge perishable inventory problem. Operations Research, 26, 464-481.
Ouyang, L. Y., Chang, C., Teng, J. (2005). An EOQ model for deteriorating items under trade credits. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 56, 719-726.
Pan, J. C. H., Yang, J. S. (2002). A study of an integrated inventory with controllable lead time. International Journal of Production Research, 40, 1263-1273.
Panda, D., Kar, S., Maity, K., Maiti, M. (2008). A single period inventory model with imperfect production and stochastic demand under chance and imprecise constraints. European Journal of Operational Research, 188, 121-139.
Philip, G. C. (1974). A generalized EOQ model for items with Weibull distribution deterioration. AIIE Transactions, 6, 159-162.
Raafat, F. (1991). Survey of literature on continuously deteriorating inventory models. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42, 27-37.
Rau, H., Wu, M. Y., Wee, H. M. (2003). Integrated inventory model for deteriorating items under a multi-echelon supply chain environment. International Journal of Production Economics, 86, 155-168.
Sachan, R. (1984). On (T,〖 S〗_i) policy inventory model for deteriorating items with time proportional demand. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35, 1013-1019.
Shah, N. H., Gor, A. S., Wee, H. M. (2008). Optimal joint vendor-buyer inventory strategy for deteriorating items with salvage value. Proceedings of the 14th computing: The Australasian Theory Symposium, Wollongong.
Shah, Y. K. (1977). An order-level lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items. AIIE Transactions, 9, 108-112.
Singh, S., Kumar, N., Kumari, R. (2009). Two-warehouse inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages under inflation and time-value of money. International Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 4, 83-94.
Stevenson, W. J., Hojati, M., Cao, J. (2007). Operations Management. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Wee, H. M., Chung, C. J., Yang, P. C. (2008). An integrated vendor-buyer deteriorating item ordering policy. Proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming.
Yang, H. L., Teng, J. T., Chern, M. S. (2010). An inventory model under inflation for deteriorating items with stock-dependent consumption rate and partial backlogging shortages. International Journal of Production Economics, 123, 8-19.
Yang, P. C., Wee, H. M. (2003). An integrated multi-lot-size production inventory model for deteriorating item. Computers and Operations Research, 30, 671-682.
Yang, P. C., Wee, H. M. (2002). A single-vendor and multiple-buyers production–inventory policy for a deteriorating item. European Journal of Operational Research, 143, 570-581.