本研究探討藍帶矛吻海龍(Doryrhamphus excisus excisus)在大氣CO2濃度提高所產生之海洋酸化和全球暖化情境下的影響，並利用解剖顯微鏡和骨骼染色法(透明魚製作)進行觀察。本研究經過重複組實驗後測試不同pCO2和溫度的雙因子交互作用下針對其初期生命階段的活存率和骨骼發育的影響，溫度、pCO2實驗分別設定為26.0、33.0 °C兩個處理組與400、1400、2000 atm三個處理組，短期暴露的結果顯示在CO2濃度升高的環境條件下，近未來(2100年)的海水暖化與酸化對於仔魚的活存率、心跳率、血流量和骨骼發育並沒有顯著的影響(P > 0.05)，但遠未來(2300年)的酸化情境則降低了仔魚的活存率、骨骼發育和心臟功能，對其具有潛在的威脅；而經歷8天暴露後發現多數骨骼的長度都低於控制組，顯示出酸化延遲了仔魚的發育階段，使牠們必須將成長的能量分配給酸鹼緩衝機制以維持生理機能。溫度和pCO2對於心跳率有顯著的交互作用，但對於血流量沒有顯著交互作用。仔魚可能對於酸鹼因子的耐受性高於溫度因子。另外以國立海洋生物博物館的珊瑚王國池和大洋池檢測人工養殖條件下的循環水養殖系統(recirculating aquaculture systems, RAS)中CO2濃度和生物量所造成的影響，透過攝食量、重量與耗氧量等公式轉換後結果顯示，兩個池區的酸鹼緩衝能力相同，但大洋池的pCO2濃度大於珊瑚池，耗氧量增加使CO2濃度升高，同時影響了水中的碳酸鹽緩衝系統。這項觀測結果證實循環水養殖系統會因生物量增加導致水中CO2的濃度累積進而改變水中的碳酸化學，CO2長期累積的結果將導致海水酸化問題，對於人工養殖環境生物的健康造成潛在的影響。本研究的結果提供pCO2對於硬骨魚類初期發育和RAS系統養殖模式的潛在影響，期望能更了解未來的CO2環境問題。

Doryrhamphus excisus excisus larvae were exposed at increased CO2 concentration that caused global warming and ocean acidification and illustrated by dissecting microscope and histochemistry stain (transparent fish). In this study, the effects of pH and temperature on larval survival rate and osteology development were assessed in a replicated experiment repeated on two factors interaction. The effects of ambient temperature (26.0 and 33.0) and pCO2 (400, 1400 and 2000 atm) interaction on survival rate, heart beating, blood flow and osteology development of larvae were demonstrated. The result showed that under increaced CO2 condition, did not have effect on warming and acidification situation in near future (A.D. 2100) (P > 0.05), but decreased survival rate, osteology development and cardic function that may cause potential threat in far future (A.D. 2300). For 8 days exposed at 26 °C and three pCO2, the length of most bone were shorter than control. It suggested that acidification may delay the development of D. excisus excisus because they allocate energy for acid-base buffer function to maintain their physiological function. However, pCO2 and temperature had signification interaction effect on heart beating, but not on blood flow. The larvae might had tolerance toward pCO2. To identify the effect of CO2 concentration and biomass on artificial aquaculture with recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), the Coral Kingdom Aquarium and Open Ocean Aquarium of National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium (NMMBA) were investigated. The result was transformed by formula of feed intake, weight and oxygen consumption. The result showed the same buffer capacity of the two aquarium but pCO2 concentration in Open Ocean Aquarium was higher than Coral Kingdom Aquarium. While oxygen consumption increased, simultaneously, CO2 concentration will increased and alter the carbonate buffer system. The investigation confirmed that increased biomass result in CO2 accumulation in RAS and change the carbonate chemistry. It can cause acidification and bring about potential health problem in aquaculture animals. This study showed the potential threat of pCO2 on teleost fish larvae, and aquaculture with RAS to figure out the CO2 problem in future.

摘要 III
Abstract V
第一章 前言 1
1.1氣候變遷 1
1.2全球暖化現象 1
1.2.1全球暖化和二氧化碳分壓(pCO2)對於全球之衝擊 2
1.2.2 暖化影響海洋環境之相關研究 2
1.3 海洋酸化現象 3
1.3.2 對於鈣化生物的影響 4
1.3.3 對於無脊椎動物的影響 4
1.3.4 對於硬骨魚類的影響 5
1.3.5仔稚魚受到酸化條件的影響 5
1.4海洋碳酸化學 6
1.5藍帶矛吻海龍之文獻回顧 7
1.5.1 藍帶矛吻海龍 7
1.5.2 藍帶矛吻海龍分布 7
1.5.3 藍帶矛吻海龍產卵與孵化 7
1.5.4藍帶矛吻海龍的初期發育 8
1.6 循環水養殖系統及其潛在問題 8
1.7研究目的 9
第二章 材料方法 11
2.1實驗設計 11
2.2實驗物種培育 11
2.2.1親魚培育 11
2.2.2仔魚收集 11
2.3水質檢測 12
2.3.1 水溫檢測 12
2.3.2 鹽度檢測 12
2.3.3 溶氧量檢測 12
2.3.4 pH值檢測 13
2.4暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚活存率之影響 13
2.4.1實驗所使用之溫度及pCO2 (pH)值設定 13
2.4.2暖化和酸化之實驗材料和方法 14
2.4.3總鹼度分析 14
2.4.4碳酸化學分析 15
2.5暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚生長和骨骼發育之影響 15
2.5.1 固定 15
2.5.2水洗 16
2.5.3漂白 16
2.5.4脫水 16
2.5.5軟骨染色 16
2.5.6中和(再水化) 16
2.5.7去除肌肉(透明化) 16
2.5.8硬骨染色 16
2.5.9脫色透明 17
2.5.10保存 17
2.6 暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚心臟功能之影響 17
2.7循環水養殖系統中的海水酸化現象 17
2.7.1 水質參數 17
2.7.2水樣採集 17
2.7.3總鹼度與碳酸化學 18
2.8 統計分析 18
第三章 結果 19
3.1 仔魚收集結果 19
3.2暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚活存率之影響 19
3.3暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚生長和骨骼發育之影響 19
3.4暖化和酸化對藍帶矛吻海龍仔魚心臟功能之影響 21
3.4.1暖化和酸化對仔魚心跳率之影響 21
3.4.2暖化和酸化對仔魚血流量之影響 21
3.5 循環水養殖系統(RAS)的水質和碳酸化學參數檢測結果(以國立海洋生物博物館之主珊瑚池與大洋池為例) 22
第四章 討論 23
4.1暖化和酸化對於海龍仔魚活存率之影響 23
4.1.1暖化因子對於海龍仔魚活存率的影響 23
4.1.2酸化因子對於海龍仔魚活存率的影響 24
4.1.3 小結—暖化和酸化對於海龍仔魚活存率的影響 25
4.2暖化和酸化對於海龍仔魚生長和骨骼發育的影響 25
4.3暖化和酸化對於海龍仔魚心臟功能的影響 27
4.4氣候變遷對仔稚魚研究之探討與未來期許 28
4.5 循環水養殖系統(RAS)與CO2關聯性(以國立海洋生物博物館之主珊瑚池與大洋池為例) 29
4.6水產養殖業界相關研究之討論 30
第五章 結論 33
參考文獻 35
Appendix 67

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