海洋酸化及暖化的海洋生態環境影響海洋生物生存的一個潛在威脅。愈加嚴重的海洋酸化(OA)及暖化的其中一個關鍵的相關影響是減少海洋鈣化藻類的碳酸鈣。鈣化藻類對因全球暖化造成的海洋溫度及二氧化碳(CO2)增加是敏感的，這是因為溫度及CO2的增加對鈣化的過程有負面影響。然而，海草群是最有生產力及最有活力的生態系統之一。海草能夠從大氣中捕獲及儲存大量的碳並在確保低質穩定中起作 用。因此，此項研究的目的是為了探討海草能否幫助鈣化藻類抵抗酸化及暖化帶來的影響。 此研究在2017年3月27日開始進行，將三種鈣化藻類 (Mastophora rosea, Halimeda opuntia, Mesophyllum sp) 培養在珊瑚礁的中觀生態池，進行 超過12個星 期的長期觀察及實驗。研究設計為兩種變因：有海草及無海草（覆蓋度約30%，密度為63.3ind/m2）,各三重複生態池。在經過兩個星期的適應後，實驗分為三個階段進行：第一個階段進行四週的 CO2 添加，第二階段持續維持四週的 CO2 添加並提 高水溫至 28oC 的環境，第三個階段持續維持兩週的 CO2 添加並提高溫度至 31oC 的環境。海洋酸化與海水暖化兩種環境均會影響 M. rosea 的鈣化及其死亡率； 相似地， 暖化環境對 H. opuntia 亦會降低其鈣化速率並提高其死亡率， 但是酸化 環境對此種藻類則沒有造成影響；Mesophyllum sp.的鈣化與死亡率在酸化與暖化的 環境下都沒有受到影響。另外，三種藻類的光合作用效率在酸化與暖化的環境中都沒有任何改變。實際上，海草的有無，對本實驗所有的鈣化藻類在鈣化率、死亡率及光合作用效率皆無顯著差異。也就是說，30%海草並沒有減輕海水酸化與暖化對這些鈣化藻類的影響。M. rosea 與 H. opuntia 兩種藻類對環境壓力如海洋酸化與 暖化均較為敏感，可能是由於其原生棲地較為穩定。相對來說，Mesophyllum sp. 則對環境變化有較大的容忍度，並可能 在未來環境變遷下有較高的存活機會。

Ocean acidification (OA) and warming are potential threats to marine ecosystems through their influence on marine organisms. One of the most critical effects of increasing OA and warming relates to the reduction of calcium carbonate to marine calcifying macroalgae. Calcifying macroalgae are sensitive to the increases in seawater temperature and CO2 predicted with global climate change due to the negative effects of these changes on the process of calcification. However, seagrass communities are one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems. Seagrasses are capable of capturing and storing a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere and act as substrate stabilizers. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore whether seagrasses can help calcifying macroalgae to resist the OA and warming condition. The experiment was started on March of 2017 at a coral reef mesocosm using three species of calcifying macroalgae (Mastophora rosea, Halimeda opuntia, and Mesophyllum sp) and carried out for more than 12 weeks. The experimental design had two treatments with three replicates: presence of seagrass and absence of seagrass (about 30% cover and density of 63.03 ind/m2). After acclimatization for two weeks, the experiment was carried out in three stages: the first stage was enriched CO2 for 4 weeks, and the second stage was enriched CO2 and elevated temperature at 28oC for 4 weeks and the third stage was enriched CO2 and elevated temperature at 31oC for 2 weeks. The results of ocean acidification and warming indicate a negative effect on calcification and mortality of M. rosea. Similarly, calcification and mortality of H. opuntia showed negative effect but only under warming condition. However, calcification and mortality of Mesophyllum sp showed no effect under ocean acidification and warming condition. In addition, quantum yield of photosynthesis showed no effect under ocean acidification and warming condition in all species. In fact, calcification, mortality and quantum yield of photosynthesis showed no significant different between treatment with seagrass and without seagrass in all species of calcifying macroalgae. Thus, seagrass did not appear to alleviate the detrimental effects of OA and high temperatures on these calcifying algae species. The response of M. rosea and H. opuntia are more sensitive to environmental stressors, such as OA and warming may influenced by their ecological habitat in subtidal areas. However, Mesophyllum sp is more tolerances for fluctuating temperature and pCO2 and may survive for future global change.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I
ABSTRACT IN CHINESE II
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH III
TABLE OF CONTENTS IV
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF APPENDICES VIII

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aims 3

2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 The effects of global climate change on marine macroalgae 4
2.2 The role of calcifying macroalgae 6
2.3 Importance of seagrass ecosystems 7
3. CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 9
3.1 Location and experimental design 9
3.2 Experimental manipulation 11
3.3 Seawater 12
3.4 Biological response variables 13
3.4.1 Calcification and growth 13
3.4.2 Mortality 14
3.4.3 Photosynthetic performance 14
3.5 Statistical analyses 15
4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 16
4.1 Environmental parameters of treatments 16
4.1.1 Seawater parameters under ocean acidification 16
4.1.2 Seawater parameters under warming condition 17
4.2 Response of calcified macroalgae to increased pCO2 and warming 20
4.2.1 Calcification rates 20
4.2.1.1 Calcification rates under ocean acidification 20
4.2.1.2 Calcification rates under warming condition 21
4.2.2 Mortality rates 23
4.2.2.1 Mortality rates under ocean acidification 23
4.2.2.2 Mortality rates under warming condition 24
4.2.3 Optimum quantum yield of photosynthesis 26
4.2.3.1 Photosynthesis rates under ocean acidification 26
4.2.3.2 Photosynthesis rates under warming condition 27
5. CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 30
5.1 Effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on calcification 30
5.2 Effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on mortality 32
5.3 Effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis 33
6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 35
REFERENCES 36
APPENDICES 44

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