鳥類的鳴聲可能因為地理隔離造成歌曲（song）的結構在種內產生變化，長時間世代交替的累積可能形成鳴聲的地理變異，當這些歌曲有明顯的地理界線時，就被稱作鳥類的方言(dialects)，此種現象在鳴禽鳥類(songbird)中十分常見。過去在台灣鳥類鳴聲的地理變異研究中，鮮少討論中央山脈與兩山脈森林性鳥類的種內交流產生屏障，進而發展出鳴聲的地理變異。頭烏線(Schoeniparus brunneus)是台灣常見的留鳥，多活動於森林底層且飛行能力不佳，因此推測花東縱谷的平原地景會造成兩山脈族群的鳴聲產生地理變異，甚至出現鳴聲的方言。本研究於2018年3月以花蓮縣海拔1000公尺以下的山區道路沿線為錄音樣區，利用指向性麥克風搭配錄音機進行採樣，探討頭烏線在中央山脈及海岸山脈的族群是否具有鳴聲的地理變異以及形成方言族群。測量頭烏線的鳴唱聲參數，並利用頻譜圖建立每一隻頭烏線的歌曲型(song type)及音符(note)的組成種類。一共收錄66隻535段的鳴唱聲，可分成84首典型鳴唱聲，鳴聲分析的結果發現中央山脈與海岸山脈的頭烏線鳴唱聲，於頻率以及音節長度具有顯著的差異，但由於各自族群中並沒有各自流行的歌曲型，說明兩個族群的頭烏線雖然在歌曲型的層次上沒有明顯的方言產生，但在鳴聲頻率和鳴聲時間上已經產生地理變異，兩個族群已經在形成方言系統的過程中。

Vocal signal is an important characteristic of birds, which plays a crucial role in communication. Within species, when the variation of songs has a well-defined geographic boundary, it is referred to “dialect” which is common seen in songbirds. In Taiwan, studies on the geographic variation of bird songs in Taiwan are mostly focused on the effect of geographic barrier of Central Mountain Range (CeMR). In eastern Taiwan, the East Rift Valley (ERV) separates the CeMR and the Coastal Mountain Range (CoMR). The open landscape and long history of human disturbances make the ERV a potential geographic barrier for forest bird species. Gould's Fulvetta (Schoeniparus brunneus) is a forest bird species who lives in understory of forest. It is not good at flying across open area. Therefore, we expect that the ERV could act as a geographic barrier, which leads to the differentiation of Gould’s Fulvetta’s songs, In this study, I recorded Gould's Fulvetta’s songs from both CeMR and CoMR. A total of 535 songs from 66 individuals were collected. According to the frequency spectrogram, I measured the frequency and time parameters of the songs and identified the song types. From the songs recorded, I identified 84 song types. The results showed that the frequency and duration of songs differed significantly between populations of CeMR and CoMR. Song type sharing is substantial between birds of CeMR and CoMR. I concluded that although song structure (frequency and duration) differ significantly, the song type does not differ. The songs of Gould's Fulvettas of CeMR and CoMR may on the early stage of forming dialect.

1. 前言 1
1.1 鳥類鳴聲的產生 1
1.2 鳥類鳴聲的功能 1
1.3 鳴唱聲的形成 2
1.4 地理鳴聲變異產生的原因 3
1.5 鳴聲地理變異的空間尺度 3
1.6 地理變異造成方言族群的因素 4
1.7 台灣鳥類因地理變異影響鳴唱聲的研究 5
1.8 研究動機 8
2. 研究方法 9
2.1 研究物種描述 9
2.2 研究樣區 9
2.3 鳴聲樣本收音 9
2.4 鳴聲樣本分析 10
3. 結果 13
3.1 山脈間鳴聲變異分析 13
3.2 音符組成 14
4. 討論 16
4.1 鳴聲變異的因素 16
4.2 方言的形成 18
5. 文獻 20
圖1：研究樣區地點位置圖。 26
圖2：頭烏線鳴聲參數示意圖。 27
圖3：頭烏線鳴聲組成。 28
圖4：頭烏線音符種類頻譜圖。 30
表1：鳴聲樣本數及頭烏線鳴聲參數分析結果(ANOVA檢定、t檢定)。 31
表2：所有音符種類的出現率分析結果(卡方檢定)。 32
表3：兩山脈頭烏線族群鳴唱聲組成差異分析結果(卡方檢定)。 33
表4：兩山脈頭烏線族群鳴唱聲中段音符平均數分析結果(ANOVA檢定)。 34
表5：採集樣點海拔 35

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