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作者:張智堯
作者(英文):Jhih-Yao Jhang
論文名稱:綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩評估方案建構及經濟效益探討
論文名稱(英文):Establishing evaluation framework of recreational impact reduction program for coral reef ecosystem and economic benefit in Green Island, Taiwan
指導教授:李俊鴻
指導教授(英文):Chun-Hung Lee
口試委員:陳韻如
陳意玲
口試委員(英文):Yun-Ju Chen
I-Ling Chen
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立東華大學
系所名稱:自然資源與環境學系
學號:610654042
出版年(民國):109
畢業學年度:108
語文別:中文
論文頁數:184
關鍵詞:綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊選擇實驗法願付價值永續觀光
關鍵詞(英文):Green IslandCoral reefRecreational impactChoice ExperimentWillingness to paySustainable tourism
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綠島自1990年開放觀光以來,島上的海洋觀光遊憩活動便逐漸日益興盛,每年吸引30~40萬的遊客人數前來朝聖,由於蘊藏豐富的珊瑚礁等海洋資源,使得浮潛(水)活動成為綠島主要的遊憩活動。然而為了追求經濟利益,滿足大量的遊客需求,在沒有適當規範的產業活動以及不當的遊客旅遊行為影響之下,使得綠島珊瑚礁生態受到不同種類、不同程度的遊憩衝擊現象,造成當地珊瑚礁生態資源日趨下降。鑒於綠島地區珊瑚礁自然資源日趨惡化,為了達到永續海洋與島嶼觀光的發展目標,擬定適當的珊瑚礁遊程管理策略尤為重要。因此本研究以綠島的浮潛(水)客為研究對象,並利用選擇實驗法(Choice Experiment, CE)建立出綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案之評估模型,並將「行前環境教育簡報」、「設立專職海洋保育警察制度」、「到潛水點的方式」、「每團浮潛(水)客人數限制」、「珊瑚礁監測基金」等五項屬性納入評估的模型之中,並藉由面訪問卷的形式評估不同受訪者的旅遊行為及社會經濟背景對於珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案的偏好及願付價值,最後將研究結果呈現給當地的利益相關者,使在地的管理者可以研擬合適的珊瑚礁遊程規範;同時也可以讓在地業者設計出符合遊客偏好的經營管理模式,以落實永續的海洋島嶼觀光之理念。
本研究的實證結果顯示:(1)建立的綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案之評估模型擁有良好的配適度,在條件羅吉特(Conditional Logit, CL)與隨機參數羅吉特(Random Parameters Logit, RPL)模型的評估結果中得知,受訪者對於納入評估模型中的五項屬性皆有顯著性的偏好,相較於維持現況的珊瑚礁遊程則有顯著性的不偏好。 (2)CL與RPL兩模型對於各項屬性變數在效用水準與趨勢走向方面幾乎一致,顯示本研究的評估模型是具有高度的實際效用性。 (3)根據RPL模型所估計出的非價格屬性之邊際願付價值由高至低依序為:「設立專職海洋保育警察制度」(440.4 NT/人/次)、「每團浮潛(水)客的人數限制以1位導潛配額6位浮潛客或是4位潛水客」(362.2 NT/人/次)、「強制規範行前環境教育簡報」(291.8 NT/人/次)、「以船潛為主流的方式到達潛水點」(132.2 NT/人/次)。 (4)根據潛在類別模型(Latent Class Model, LCM)與獨立樣本T檢定的結果,發現不同特徵因子的遊客群體對於不同的遊程減緩方案具有顯著的異質性偏好。 (5)利用評估模型的實證結果進行歸納,並建構出適合各個群體異質性偏好的管理方案,分別為:「遊憩體驗方案」、「安全治理方案」、「整合式管理方案」。
Since Green Island opened for sightseeing in 1990s, it has attracted 300,000 to 400,000 tourists each year. Snorkeling and SCUBA diving are the main recreational activity in Green Island due to its abundant resources of coral reefs. However, lacking of the properly recreational activity regulation and improper tourist behavior, the local coral reef ecological resources have been declining. In order to achieve the development goals for sustainable marine tourism and island tourism, it is particularly important to develop appropriate management strategies of coral reef recreational activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate snorkeling and SCUBA divers' preferences for willingness to pay of coral reef ecosystem under recreational impact reduction program in Green Island. Choice experiment method has used in this study. The data in this research were collected by on-site face-to-face to test the preference of coral reef management. In this research evaluation model, coral reefs management attributes including "Environmental education presentation"; "Marine conservation police"; "The way to the Diving Spot"; "Number of Snorkelers or SCUBA divers per group"; "Monitoring fund of coral reef".
The empirical results showed that: (1) The evaluation model of recreational impact reduction program for coral reef ecosystem in Green Island had goodness of fit. In the evaluation results of the Conditional Logit (CL) and Random Parameters Logit (RPL), respondents significantly disliked current coral reef management, but had significant preferences for all five attributes included in the assessment model. (2) The attribute variables are consistent in terms of efficiency and trend in CL and RPL. It shows that the evaluation model is highly practical. (3) The value of the marginal willingness to pay for non-price attributes estimated in order from high to low is: "Marine conservation police" (440.4 NT/person/time); "Number of Snorkelers or SCUBA divers per group" (362.2NT/person/time); "Environmental education presentation" (291.8 NT/person/time); "The way to the Diving Spot" (132.2 NT/person/time) (4) According to the results of Latent Class Model (LCM) and independent sample T test, different characteristic factors of tourist groups have significant heterogeneous preferences for different management programs. (5) Use the empirical results of the evaluation model to summarize and construct management programs that suit the heterogeneous preferences of each group, namely: "Recreation experience program"; "Security improvement program"; "Integrated management program".
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究區域 4
第三節 研究流程 8
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 珊瑚礁簡介 11
第二節 永續觀光發展 17
第三節 遊憩(潛水)活動對珊瑚礁生態系統的影響 21
第四節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩現況探討 32
第三章 研究方法 45
第一節 研究方法 45
第二節 專家訪談內容 76
第三節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩方案屬性層級設計 82
第四節 研究問卷設計 96
第四章 實證分析與結果 103
第一節 抽樣設計與變數定義 103
第二節 敘述統計 113
第三節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩管理方案之效用函數估計結果 119
第四節 綠島珊瑚礁遊憩衝擊減緩評估方案探討 131
第五章 結論與建議 139
第一節 結論 140
第二節 建議 144
一、中文部分
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二、英文部分
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