目前海龜攝入廢棄物相關研究以解剖死亡的海龜為主，本研究是臺灣第一個以收容活體海龜為對象、結合排遺分析及獸醫學方法探討廢棄物攝入對海龜影響的研究。本研究以國立海洋生物博物館收容中心於2017年10月至2019年11月收容的活體海龜做為研究對象，包含綠蠵龜、欖蠵龜及玳瑁，連續收集每隻海龜的糞便並過篩分離其中的廢棄物，分析其數量、重量、體積、型態及顏色，並探討海龜生物及非生物因子與總排廢量之間的關係。結果顯示收容的39隻海龜中100%有排出廢棄物。其中以塑膠碎片、塑膠薄膜、線繩佔多數，顏色以透明或白色為主。排廢量在三種海龜間沒有顯著的差異，排廢量也不會隨著體型而增加，西岸及東岸兩者通報的海龜排廢量無顯著差異，排廢量與海龜食慾和身體體態指數也無顯著相關。將排廢量與綠蠵龜的血液學分析資料進行相關性分析，發現有5項有顯著相關或相關趨勢，包括血液pH值、血中尿素氮、鹼性磷酸酶、血液氯離子和鉀離子。本研究從體態指數與食慾發現攝入廢棄物未必會造成收容綠蠵龜健康狀況明顯受損，但攝入廢棄物可能與綠蠵龜脫水及酸血症狀和腸胃道損傷有關。

Necropsy is currently the most common method of identifying marine debris ingestion by sea turtles, but information on debris ingestion in live sea turtles could be obtained through fecal analyses. This study was carried out at a sea turtle rehabilitation center located at and managed by the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Taiwan. A total of 39 rescued sea turtles (30 Chelonia mydas, 3 Lepidochelys olivacea, and 6 Eretmochelys imbricate) were examined between October of 2017 and November of 2019 for this study. Marine debris was found in the feces of all 39 sea turtles. The excreted debris was mostly composed of transparent or white hard plastic fragments. There was no significant difference in the total debris mass between the three sea turtle species. There was no significant difference in the total debris mass between the turtles caught from the west and east coast. The total debris mass had no significant correlation with body size. The total debris mass had no significant correlation with either body condition index (BCI) or appetite of the turtles. Total debris mass was significantly or had a trend to be correlated with several hematology indices (pH, chloride, blood urea nitrogen, potassium, and alkaline phosphatase). This finding suggests that sea turtles with higher debris mass may suffer from dehydration, acidemia and damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts.

第一章:前言 1
1.1海龜物種介紹 1
1.2 海生館海龜收容中心簡介 4
1.3海洋廢棄物介紹 7
1.4海龜攝入廢棄物之危害 9
1.5亞致死效應概論 11
1.6研究目的 12
1.6.1研究目標 12
第二章:材料方法 13
2.1實驗動物及排遺樣本採集 13
2.2排遺中廢棄物分析 13
2.3海龜形質測量與健康資料分析 14
2.4統計分析 18
第三章:結果 19
3.1海生館救援海龜基本資料 19
3.2排出海洋廢棄物量與次數 20
3.3海廢定量之相關性 22
3.4海龜排出廢棄物之材質及顏色 23
3.5三種海龜排出廢棄物量與東岸西岸排出量之比較 25
3.6海龜體長與海廢排出量的相關性 27
3.7海廢對海龜健康的影響 28
第四章:討論 33
第五章:結論 41
參考文獻 43
附錄 55

Adamovicz, L., Griffioen, J., Cerreta, A., Lewbart, G.A., Allender, M.C., 2019.Tissue Enzyme Activities in Free-Living Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 50, 45-54.
Anderson, E.T., Harms, C.A., Stringer, E.M., Cluse, W.M., 2011. Evaluation of hematology and serum biochemistry of cold-stunned green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in North Carolina, U.S.A. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 42, 247-255.
Awabdi, D.R., Siciliano, S., Di Beneditto, A.P.M., 2013. First information about the stomach contents of juvenile green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. Marine Biodiversity Records 6, e5.
Balazs, 1985. Status and ecology of marine turtles at Johnston Atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin No.285:1-46.
Barn, D.K.A., 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, 364, 1526.
Beiras, R., 2018. Sublethal Toxicity at the Level of Organism. Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems. Marine Pollution. Chapter 14 pp.233-245.
Bjorndal, K.A., Bolten, A.B., Lagueux, C.J., 1994. Ingestion of marine debris by juvenile sea turtles in coastal Florida habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 154-158.
Bolten, A.B., Bjorndal, K.A., Martins, H.R., Dellinger, T., Biscoito, M.J., Encalada, S.E., Bowen, B.W., 1998. Transatlantic developmental migrations of loggerhead sea turtles demonstrated by mtDNA sequence analysis. Applied Ecology 8, 1-7.
Boyle, M.C., Limpus, C.J., 2008. The stomach contents of post-hatchling green and loggerhead sea turtles in the southwest Pacific: an insight into habitat association. Marine Biology 155, 233-241.
Bugoni, L., Krause, L., Petry, M.V., 2001. Marine debris and human impacts on sea turtles in southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 1330-1334.
Bugoni, L., Petry, M.V., 2003. Diet of Sea Turtles in Southern Brazil. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(3), 685-688.
Campbell, T., 2006. Clinical pathology of reptiles. In:Mader DR, editor. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 453-470
Campbell, T., 2014. Clinical pathology of reptiles. In:Mader DR, editor. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. pp .70-92
Carpenter, E., Smith, K., 1972. Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface. SCIENCE 178, 4062.
Casale, P., Abbate, G., Freggi, D., Conte, N., Oliverio, M., Argano, R., 2008. Foraging ecology of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in the central Mediterranean Sea: evidence for a relaxed life history model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372, 265-276.
Casale, P., Freggi, D., Paduano, V., Oliverio, M., 2016. Biases and best approaches for assessing debris ingestion in sea turtles, with a case study in the Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 110, 238-249.
Chen, M.C., Chen, T.H., 2020. Spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches along the coast of the Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 151, 110861.
Cheng, I.J., Dutton, P.H., Chen, C.L., Chen, H.C., Chen, Y.H., Shea, J.W., 2008. Comparison of the genetics and nesting ecology of two green turtle rookeries. Journal of Zoology 276, 375-384.
Cheng, I.J., Wang, H.Y., Hsieh, W.Y., Chan, Y.T., 2019. Twenty-three Years of Sea Turtle Stranding/ bycatch Research in Taiwan. Zoological Studies 58, e44.
Clukey, K.E., 2016. Assessment of plastic ingestion and persistent organic pollutants in sea turtles across the Pacific Ocean. In: Natural Resources and Environmental.
Clukey, K.E., Lepczyk, C.A., Balazs, G.H., Work, T.M., Lynch, J.M., 2017. Investigation of plastic debris ingestion by four species of sea turtles collected as bycatch in pelagic Pacific longline fisheries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 120, 117-125.
Colferai, A.S., Silva-Filho, R.P., Martins, A.M., Bugoni, L., 2017. Distribution pattern of anthropogenic marine debris along the gastrointestinal tract of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) as implications for rehabilitation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 119, 231-237.
Colman, L.P., Sampaio, C.L.S., Weber, M.I., de Castilhos, J.C., 2014. Diet of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea,in the Waters of Sergipe, Brazil. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 13, 266-271.
Derraik, J.e.G.B., 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 842-852.
Di Beneditto, A.P., Awabdi, D.R., 2014. How marine debris ingestion differs among megafauna species in a tropical coastal area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 88, 86-90.
Donlan, C,J., Wngfield, D,K., Crowder, L,B., Wilcox, C., 2010. Using Expert Opinion Surveys to Rank Threats to Endangered Species: A Case Study with Sea Turtles. Society for Conservation Biology 24,6, 1586-1595.
Dos Santos, R.G., Martins, A.S., Torezani, E., Baptistotte, C., da Nobrega, F.J., Horta, P.A., Work, T.M., Balazs, G.H., 2010. Relationship between fibropapillomatosis and environmental quality: a case study with Chelonia mydas off Brazil. Diseases of aquatic organisms 89, 87-95.
Duncan, E., Broderick, A., Galloway, T., Lindeque, P., Godley, B., 2017. Investigating the Presence and Effects of Microplastics in Sea Turtles. Fate and impact of microplastics in marine ecosystems, pp. 33-34.
Duncan, E.M., Arrowsmith, J.A., Bain, C.E., Bowdery, H., Broderick, A.C., Chalmers, T., Fuller, W.J., Galloway, T.S., Lee, J.H., Lindeque, P.K., Omeyer, L.C.M., Snape, R.T.E., Godley, B.J., 2019. Diet-related selectivity of macroplastic ingestion in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the eastern Mediterranean. Scientific Reports 9, 11581.
Ebbesmeyer, C.C., Ingraham, W.J., Jones, J.A., Donohue, M.J., 2012. Marine debris from the Oregon Dungeness crab fishery recovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: identification and oceanic drift paths. Marine Pollution Bulletin 65, 69-75.
Eriksen, M., Maximenko, N., Thiel, M., Cummins, A., Lattin, G., Wilson, S., Hafner, J., Zellers, A., Rifman, S., 2013. Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 68, 71-76.
Fuentes, M., Maynard, J.A., Guinea, M., Bell, I.P., Werdell, P.J., Hamann, M., 2009. Proxy indicators of sand temperature help project impacts of global warming on sea turtles in northern Australia. Endangered Species Research 9, 33-40.
Fukuoka, T., Yamane, M., Kinoshita, C., Narazaki, T., Marshall, G.J., Abernathy, K.J., Miyazaki, N., Sato, K., 2016. The feeding habit of sea turtles influences their reaction toartificial marine debris. Scientific Reports 6, 28015.
Gall, S.C., Thompson, R.C., 2015. The impact of debris on marine life. Marine Pollution Bulletin 92, 170-179.
Gonzalez Carman, V., Acha, E.M., Maxwell, S.M., Albareda, D., Campagna, C., Mianzan, H., 2014. Young green turtles, Chelonia mydas, exposed to plastic in a frontal area of the SW Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 78, 56-62.
Gonzalez Carman, V., Machain, N., Campagna, C., 2015. Legal and institutional tools to mitigate plastic pollution affecting marine species: Argentina as a case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 92, 125-133.
Harms, C.A., McClellan-Green, P., Godfrey, M.H., Christiansen, E.F., Broadhurst, H.J., Godard-Codding,C.A.J.,2019.Crude oil and dispersant cause acute clinicopathological abnormalities in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Front Veterinary Science 6, 344.
Hatt, J.M., 2008. In reptiles, metabolic acidosis associated with chronic renal disease and fluid deficits is often present. Fluid Therapy in Reptiles. In: Fowler, M.E., Miller, R.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current therapy Ed. 6. St. Louis, 160-164
Hays, G.C., Broderick, A.C., Godley, B.J., Luschi, P., Nichols, W.J., 2004. Tracking turtles to their death. Marine Ecology Progress Series 283, 299-300.
Hazel, J., Gyuris, E., 2006. Vessel-related mortality of sea turtles in Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 33, 149-154.
Hoarau, L., Ainley, L., Jean, C., Ciccione, S., 2014. Ingestion and defecation of marine debris by loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, from by-catches in the South-West Indian Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 84, 90-96.
Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347, 768-771.
Jerdy, H., Werneck, M.R., da Silva, M.A., Ribeiro, R.B., Bianchi, M., Shimoda, E., de Carvalho, E.C., 2017. Pathologies of the digestive system caused by marine debris in Chelonia mydas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 116, 192-195.
Kühn, S., Rebolledo, E.L.B., Franeker, J.A.v., 2015. Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, ed. M Bergmann, L Gutow, M Klages, Berlin:Springer. pp. 75-116.
Kear, B.P., Lee, M.S., 2006. A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution. Biology Letters 2, 116-119.
Keller, K.A., Innis, C.J., Tlusty, M.F., Kennedy, A.E., Bean, S.B., Cavin, J.M., 2012. Metabolic and respiratory derangements associated with death in cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii): 32 cases (2005-2009). American Veterinary Medical Association. 240:317-323.
Kunz, A., Walther, B.A., Lowemark, L., Lee, Y.C., 2016. Distribution and quantity of microplastic on sandy beaches along the northern coast of Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 111, 126-135.
Lahanas, P.N., Bjorndal, K.A., Bolten, A.B., Encalada, S.E., Miyamoto, M.M., Valverde, R.A., Bowen, B.W., 1998. Genetic composition of a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) feeding ground population: evidence for multiple origins. Marine Biology 130, 345-352.
Lewison, R.L., Freeman, S.A., Crowder, L.B., 2004. Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters 7, 221-231.
Longcore, T., Rich, C., 2002. Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(4), 191- 198.
Lutz, P.L., 2003. The biology of sea turtles volumeI II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
McCauley, S.J., Bjorndal, K.A., 1999. Conservation implications of dietary dilution from debris ingestion: Sublethal effects in post-hatchling loggerhead sea turtles. Conservation Biology 13, 925-929.
Meylan, A.B., 1984. Feeding ecology of the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) spon'glvory as a feeding niche in the coral reef community.Doctoral Dissertation,The University of Florida.117p
Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K., Weisberg, S.B., 2001. A comparison of plastic and plankton in the north Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 1297-1300.
Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E.K., Peacock, E.E., Reddy, C.M., 2010. The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1873-1878.
Mrosovsky, N., 1979. Marine Turtle Newsletter No.10. ICUN/SSC.
Mrosovsky, N., Godfrey, M.H., 2010. Editorial: Thoughts on Climate Change and Sex Ratio of Sea Turtles. Marine Turtle Newsletter No. 128, 7.
Mrosovsky, N., Ryan, G.D., James, M.C., 2009. Leatherback turtles: the menace of plastic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58, 287-289.
Nelms, S.E., Coombes, C., Foster, L.C., Galloway, T.S., Godley, B.J., Lindeque, P.K., Witt, M.J., 2017. Marine anthropogenic litter on British beaches: A 10-year nationwide assessment using citizen science data. Science of the Total Environment 579, 1399-1409.
Nelms, S.E., Duncan, E.M., Broderick, A.C., Galloway, T.S., Godfrey, M.H., Hamann, M., Lindeque, P.K., Godley, B.J., 2016. Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 73, 165-181.
Plastics Europe:Plastics – the Facts 2015 An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data.
Peng, G., Zhu, B., Yang, D., Su, L., Shi, H., Li, D., 2017. Microplastics in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary, China. Environmental Pollution 225, 283-290.
Pfaller, J.B., Goforth, K.M., Gil, M.A., Savoca, M.S., Lohmann, K.J., 2020. Odors from marine plastic debris elicit foraging behavior in sea turtles. Current Biology 30, R213-R214.
Plotkin, P., Amos, A.F., 1990. Effects of anthropogenic debris on sea turtles in the northwestern gulf of Mexico.In: Shomura, R.S., Yoshida, H.O. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on the fate and impact of marine debris. National Oceanic and atmospheric ddministration technical memorandum Honolulu, Hawaii (574 pp.).
Plotkin, P.T., 1993. Feeding ecology of the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico, Marine Biology 115 (1), 1-5.
Reisser, J., Shaw, J., Hallegraeff, G., Proietti, M., Barnes, D.K., Thums, M., Wilcox, C., Hardesty, B.D., Pattiaratchi, C., 2014. Millimeter-sized marine plastics: a new pelagic habitat for microorganisms and invertebrates. PLoS One 9, e100289.
Reisser, J., Shaw, J., Wilcox, C., Hardesty, B.D., Proietti, M., Thums, M., Pattiaratchi, C., 2013. Marine plastic pollution in waters around Australia: characteristics, concentrations, and pathways. PLoS One 8, e80466.
Sampson, L., Giraldo, A., Payán, L. F., Amorocho, D. F., Ramos, M. A., Seminoff, J. A. 2017. Trophic ecology of green turtle Chelonia mydas juveniles in the Colombian Pacific. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, pp. 1-13.
Samuel, Y., Morreale, S.J., Clark, C.W., Greene, C.H., Richmond, M.E., 2005. Underwater, low-frequency noise in a coastal sea turtle habitat. Acoustical Society of America 117, 1465-1472.
Santos, R.G., Andrades, R., Boldrini, M.A., Martins, A.S., 2015. Debris ingestion by juvenile marine turtles: an underestimated problem. Marine Pollution Bulletin 93, 37-43.
Schuyler, Q., Hardesty, B.D., Wilcox, C., Townsend, K., 2012. To eat or not to eat? Debris selectivity by marine turtles. PLoS One 7,e40884.
Schuyler, Q., Hardesty, B.D., Wilcox, C., Townsend, K., 2014. Global analysis of anthropogenic debris ingestion by sea turtles. Conservation Biology 28, 129-139.
Smith, S.D., Markic, A., 2013. Estimates of marine debris accumulation on beaches are strongly affected by the temporal scale of sampling. PLoS One 8, e83694.
Stabenau, E.K., Vietti. K.R., 2003. The physiological effects of multiple forced submergences in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta Caretta). Fishery Bulletin 101:889-899.
Stamper MA, Harms C, Epperly SP, Braunmcneill J, Avens L, Stoskopf MK, et al. (2005) Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): A comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 635–641.
Teuten, E.L., Saquing, J.M., Knappe, D.R., Barlaz, M.A., Jonsson, S., Bjorn, A., Rowland, S.J., Thompson, R.C., Galloway, T.S., Yamashita, R., Ochi, D., Watanuki, Y., Moore, C., Viet, P.H., Tana, T.S., Prudente, M., Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M.P., Akkhavong, K., Ogata, Y., Hirai, H., Iwasa, S., Mizukawa, K., Hagino, Y., Imamura, A., Saha, M., Takada, H., 2009. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences 364, 2027-2045.
Tourinho, P.S., Ivar do Sul, J.A., Fillmann, G., 2010. Is marine debris ingestion still a problem for the coastal marine biota of southern Brazil? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 396-401.
Vélez-Rubio, G.M., Estrades, A., Fallabrino, A., Tomás, J., 2013. Marine turtle threats in Uruguayan waters: insights from 12 years of stranding data. Marine Biology 160, 2797-2811.
Velez-Rubio, G.M., Teryda, N., Asaroff, P.E., Estrades, A., Rodriguez, D., Tomas, J., 2018. Differential impact of marine debris ingestion during ontogenetic dietary shift of green turtles in Uruguayan waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 127, 603-611.
Vogt, R.G., Vieyra, M., Anderson, D., 2002. New discoveries in the Olfactory Capability of sea turtles,PERP Newslettles,April-June 2002b.University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu ,pp. 1-12.
Walkinshaw, C., Lindeque, P.K., Thompson, R., Tolhurst, T., Cole, M., 2020. Microplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 190, 110066.
Williams, R., Grand, J., Hooker, S.K., Buckland, S.T., Reeves, R.R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Sandilands, D., Kaschner, K., 2014. Prioritizing global marine mammal habitats using density maps in place of range maps. Ecography 37, 212-220.
Willis-Norton, E., Hazen, E.L., Fossette, S., Shillinger, G., Rykaczewski, R.R., Foley, D.G., Dunne, J.P., Bograd, S.J., 2015. Climate change impacts on leatherback turtle pelagic habitat in the Southeast Pacific. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 113, 260-267.
Xanthos, D., Walker, T.R., 2017. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 118, 17-26.
Yora, T., Sakagishi, Y., 1986. Comparative biochemical study of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals Comp. Biochemistry and Physiology 85B,No.3, 649-658.
Yu, X., Ladewig, S., Bao, S., Toline, C.A., Whitmire, S., Chow, A.T., 2018. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics at selected coastal sites along the southeastern United States. Science of the Total Environment 613-614, 298-305