不同的腦區功能，可能影響著人們有不同的道德判斷。首先，透過故事是否「個人化」與講述故事的「人稱」觀點變項來分類各種不同道德情境，在閱讀故事並作出道德判斷的同時，利用跨顱磁刺激（Transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS）作用於腦區的右側背外側前額皮質（right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, r-DLPFC）以及右側頂顳葉交界處（right temporoparietal junction, r-TPJ），檢視此二腦區受磁波干擾之後會如何影響道德判斷。
本研究共招募32名研究參與者，男女各半。實驗使用「個人化」變項的個人（personal）與非個人（impersonal）故事，分別搭配「人稱」變項的第一人稱（first-person perspectives, 1PP）與第三人稱（third-person perspectives, 3PP）視角，共四種道德故事類別，將施打有磁波的real TMS與無磁波的sham TMS於腦區r-DLPFC或r-TPJ，檢視道德評分與反應時間的變化。
結果顯示：第一、道德判斷是極細緻的判斷選擇，在道德兩難情境裡，參與者給出「不合適」的答案裡，其實有著偏向「稍微不合適」與「更不合適」的顯著層次差異。第二、當磁波影響腦區後，發現個人化與人稱變項之間存在著交互作用，也就是磁波影響嚴重程度較大傷害的personal情境，不論以第一人稱或第三人稱觀點，都會從「嚴格」轉變成「寬容」的道德評分；嚴重程度較小傷害的impersonal情境，則僅影響第三人稱觀點同樣從「嚴格」轉變成「寬容」。第三、TMS作用於r-TPJ腦區對道德判斷的影響較大，相較於r-DLPFC腦區，TMS使四類道德情境的其中三類的道德分數產生顯著變化。第四、磁波影響作答速度有加快情形，但若僅分析2,501毫秒TMS刺激後才下決策的數據，則反應時間僅幾近顯著的水準。

Moral judgments involved multiple brain regions and associated with different types of moral dilemmas. This study aims to manipulate the variables of "Personalization" and "Personal-perspective" in moral stories and disrupted two brain regions by TMS to inspect the causal roles of the these factors in moral judgement.
Method. A total of 32 participants were recruited in this study, half males and half females. There are two variables of moral stories, "Personalization" and "Personal-perspective", each comprising two levels, personal and impersonal, first-person perspective (1PP) and third-person perspective (3PP). While participants were reading stories and making moral judgments, a non-invasive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was discharged to influence the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r-DLPFC) or the right temporoparietal junction (r-TPJ). Then, the experiment analyzed the changes of moral scores and reaction time (RT) with the randomly application of real and sham TMS.
Result. Result. First, moral judgment was a sophisticated mechanism, as "Inappropriate" might stand for "slight inappropriate" or "more inappropriate". Secondly, with TMS condition, there was an interaction between Personalization and Personal-perspective. While personal stories with severe harm presented moral score changes and the tendency of being "more tolerant" towards both self and others, impersonal stories with minor harm only presented the same tendency towards others. Thirdly, TMS on the r-TPJ had greater influence on moral judgments, compared with on the r-DLPFC. Last, it was found that TMS accelerated moral judgment. However, if only the data of moral judgments longer than 2,501 milliseconds were analyzed, the TMS effect on RT reached merely marginal significance.

第一章　緒論　　1
第一節　研究動機與背景　　1
第二節　多元的腦區功能影響道德判斷　　3
一、背外側前額葉皮質─道德決策、利益與公平　　3
二、頂顳葉交界處─心智理論　　4
三、其他腦區─情緒、情節記憶調節　　6
第三節　腦區如何影響道德判斷　　10
一、不同故事情境下的道德判斷　　10
二、腦區功能差異影響道德判斷　　10
三、道德判斷之「己者」對於「他者」的信念　　11
四、跨顱磁刺激影響腦區進行道德判斷　　11
五、不同人稱視角的道德判斷差異　　12
六、改變信念也可能造成道德判斷改變　　12
第四節　影響道德判斷的因素　　13
一、不同道德故事情境的因素（個人化、人稱）　　13
二、磁波影響腦區進行道德判斷（腦區、TMS）　　14
第五節　測量變項的選擇：道德評分與反應時間　　15
一、道德判斷的反應差異　　15
二、從道德直覺的思考到行為判斷　　15
三、道德判斷可能是多種因素的交互影響結果　　16
第二章　研究目的、問題、假設　　17
第一節　目的　　17
第二節　問題　　17
第三節　假設　　18
第三章　方法　　19
第一節　研究參與者　　19
第二節　研究材料與設備　　19
一、材料　　19
二、設備　　21
第三節　實驗設計　　22
一、變項與實驗分組　　22
二、實驗程序　　23
三、TMS參數　　26
四、腦區定位方式　　27
第四節　資料分析方法　　31
第四章　研究結果　　32
第一節　分析一結果　　32
一、分析一之依參與者分析─四個變項整體分析　　32
二、分析一之依項目分析─四個變項整體分析　　42
第二節　分析二結果　　47
一、分析二之依參與者分析─ r-DLPFC組　　47
二、分析二之依項目分析─ r-DLPFC組　　54
三、分析二之依參與者分析─ r-TPJ組　　56
四、分析二之依項目分析─ r-TPJ組　　68
第三節　分析三結果　　70
一、分析三之依項目分析─四個變項整體分析（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　70
二、分析三之依項目分析─ r-DLPFC組（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　73
三、分析三之依項目分析─ r-TPJ組（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　76
第五章　討論與結論　　77
第一節　分析一討論　　77
一、依參與者分析　　77
二、依項目分析　　82
第二節　分析二討論　　83
一、依參與者分析─ r-DLPFC組　　83
二、依項目分析─ r-DLPFC組　　85
三、依參與者分析─ r-TPJ組　　85
四、依項目分析─ r-TPJ組　　87
第三節　分析三討論　　88
一、依項目分析─四個變項整體分析（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　88
二、依項目分析─ r-DLPFC組（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　89
三、依項目分析─ r-TPJ組（2,501至20,000毫秒數據）　　90
第四節　綜合討論與結論　　92
一、綜合討論　　92
二、研究限制　　97
三、未來應用　　99
第五節　總結論　　101
一、不同故事類別之間的道德判斷差異　　101
二、在磁波作用下，影響腦區對閱讀不同類別的故事進行道德判斷　　102
三、細緻化的道德判斷　　103
參考文獻　　104
附錄　　110
附錄一 故事材料範例　　110
附錄二 參與者招募文宣　　115
附錄三 左右手檢測評估量表　　116
附錄四 IRB審查核可證明　　117
附錄五 腦區定位標記步驟　　118

中文參考文獻：
陳姿妤（2017）。以跨顱磁刺激影響道德判斷（未出版之碩士論文）。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。
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