本研究以健身愛好者為主要研究對象，藉由男性氣概意識形態來分析健身愛好者的身體建構與禁藥消費，釐清社會文化下塑造的男性氣概如何影響一名男性成為健身愛好者，在過程中如何建構身體、沉迷其中，並且探究健身愛好者禁藥消費的動機與體驗。本研究使用深度訪談與參與觀察作為收集資料的方式。男性氣概一直是影響社會的重要文化，當文化不斷被強勢國家輸出，男性的形象逐漸被塑造，肌肉的形象成為地位的象徵，對成功有強烈渴望的健身愛好者，投以無比的專注在訓練、飲食上，努力數年卻發現不如預期，甚至停止增長，逐漸產生體型不滿、自卑等負面情緒，為了抑制心中的焦慮感而產生禁藥消費並沉醉其中，快速的成長令人滿足、沉迷，卻同時衍生出許多健康問題。本研究經分析後發現，男性氣概影響了愛好者所建構的形象與價值觀，如同枷鎖般控制其行為與意志，是身體建構的驅力。在建構身體的過程中，身體的尊卑價值導致焦慮心理，更是影響其消費禁藥的主因。禁藥雖帶來壯碩身體的成就，但也必須承受繁雜的使用程序、禁慾犧牲與健康上的風險，並承受汙名化的重負。這群禁藥消費者，一旦面臨場域的轉換，會變更其身體建構的模式，再次建構其男性氣概。最後，建議未來的研究對象從不同年齡層、族群中尋找，利用多元的聲音，詮釋更多的現象。

This study focuses on fitness amateur to analyze the body construction and drug consumption of fitness amateur through the ideology of masculinity, to clarify how masculinity shaped by social culture influences a man to become a fitness amateur, how he constructs his body and becomes addicted to it in the process, and to explore the motivation and experience of drug consumption consumption of fitness amateur. This study used in-depth interviews and participant observation as the method of data collection. Masculinity has always been an important cultural influence on society. When culture is constantly exported by powerful countries, the image of masculinity is gradually shaped and the image of muscles becomes a symbol of status. Growth from drug prohibition is satisfying and addictive, but at the same time it leads to many health problems. The analysis of this study revealed that masculinity influences the image and values constructed by the amateur, and acts as a shackle to control their behavior and will, and is the driving force behind the construction of the body. In the process of body construction, the inferiority value of the body leads to anxiety and is the main reason for the consumption of forbidden drugs. While drug brings physical success, it also entails complicated procedures, abstinence from sacrifice and health risks, and the burden of stigmatization. This group of drug consumptioner, once faced with a change of scene, will change their body construction patterns and reconstruct their masculinity. Finally, it is suggested that future research subjects be sought from different age and groups to interpret more phenomena using diverse voices.

第一章 緒論 01
第一節 問題意識與背景 01
第二節 研究目的 03
第三節 名詞解釋 04
第二章 文獻回顧 05
第一節 男性氣概的涵義 05
第二節 男性身體的塑造 11
第三節 運動身體與禁藥 16
第三章 研究方法 23
第一節 研究策略 23
第二節 研究對象 24
第三節 研究資料的收集 27
第四節 資料的編碼與分析 28
第五節 研究的品質確認30
第六節 研究倫理 32
第七節 研究流程 34
第四章 健身愛好者的身體建構與禁藥消費 35
第一節 健身愛好者的身體建構 35
一、社會賦予的意識形態與性化男體 35
二、男性健身者的理想女體 53
三、健身房裡的高低尊卑 57
四、健身房的身體塑造 62
五、男體價值的兌現 68
第二節 健身愛好者禁藥消費與體驗 73
一、禁藥世界的初體驗 73
二、禁藥的金錢代價 79
三、禁藥使用的細節安排 81
四、禁藥消費的私用空間 89
五、禁藥產生的副作用 90
六、禁藥效應下的身體轉變 92
七、場域轉換與禁藥停用 96
八、圈內、圈外的認同斷裂 100
第伍章 結論與建議 107
第一節 結論 107
一、社會文化的男體枷鎖 107
二、焦慮引起的禁藥消費 109
第二節 研究建議 111
參考文獻 113
一、中文文獻 113
二、英文文獻 114
三、電子新聞與網路資源 120
四、影視資源 121
附錄 123
附錄一：研究訪綱 123
附錄二：研究訪綱(W小姐) 126

一、中文文獻
王文科（1995）。教育研究法。台北：師大書苑。
汪民安（2007）。文化研究關鍵詞。南京：江蘇人民出版社。
林佩璇（2000）。個案研究及其在教育研究上的應用。中正大學教育學研究所主編。質的研究方法（頁 239-262）。高雄：麗文。
柳莉、張文霞、張美川、俞東、姚映然（譯）（2003）。男性氣質 （原作者：Connell, R. W）。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
唐謨（譯）（2001）。猛男情結-男性的美麗與哀愁（原作者：Pope, H. G., Phillips, K. A., & Olivardia, R.）。台北：性林文化
陳榮政（譯）（2014）。基礎社會研究法：質化與量化取向（原作者：Neuman, W. L.）。台北：學富文化事業有限公司。
高麗娟、黃光獻（2014）。體育運動質性資料分析方法。體育學報。47(2)，159-178。
張英陣（譯）（2000）。質化研究與社會工作（原作者：Deborah K. Padgett）。臺北：洪葉。
傅雷（譯）（2017）。傅雷譯藝術名著：藝術哲學（原作者：Taine, H. A）。上海：上海科學技術文獻出版社
楊雪（2020）。歐美體育與男型氣質研究。廣州：暨南大學出版社。
歐陽燦燦（2015）。當代歐美身體批評研究。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
陳向明（2002）。社會科學質的研究。台北：五南。
潘淑滿（2003）。質性研究理論與應用。台北：心理。
簡春安、鄒平儀（1998）。社會工作研究法。台北：巨流。

二、英文文獻
Alloy, L. B., Riskind, J. H., & Manos, M. J. (2005). Abnormal Psychology. New York : McGraw Hill.
Arbour, K. P., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2006). Effects of exposure to muscular and hypermuscular media images on young men's muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction. Bodyimage, 3(2), 153-161.
Anderson, E. (2010). In the game: Gay athletes and the cult of masculinity. New York: SUNY Press.
Brannon, R. (1976). Looking at the Male Role. PsycCRITIQUES, 21(11).
Baird, A. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2006). Exposure to Male Models in Advertisements Leads to a Decrease in Men's Body Satisfaction. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(1).
Brown, J., & Bardoukas, N. (2013). Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction in Asian and Caucasian Males: A Preliminary Test of a Three Factor Model. International Journal of Men's Health, 12(1).
Cable, N. T. (1997). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: ergogenic and cardiovascular effects. The Clinical Pharmacology of Sport and Exercise. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 135-144.
Catlin, D. H., Hatton, C. K., & Lasne, F. (2003). Abuse of recombinant erythropoietins by athletes. In Erythropoietins and erythropoiesis (pp. 205-227). Birkhäuser Basel.
Coakley, J. J. (1990). Sport in society: Issues and controversies (No. Ed. 4). Maryland Heights: CV Mosby Company.
Chen, A. S. (1999). Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center: Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender & Society, 13(5), 584-607.
Craig, S. (Ed.). (1992). Men, masculinity and the media (Vol. 2). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Casper, M. J., & Moore, L. J. (1995). Inscribing bodies, inscribing the future: gender, sex, and reproduction in outer space. Sociological Perspectives, 38(2), 311-333.
Carlson, T. B. (1995). We hate gym: Student alienation from physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14(4), 467-477.
Connell Raewyn, W. (1987). Gender and Power Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Redwood City: Standford University Press.
Connell, R. W. (2000). The men and the boys. Oakland: University of California Press.
Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Connell, R. W., & Wood, J. (2005). Globalization and business masculinities. Men and masculinities, 7(4), 347-364.
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & society, 19(6), 829-859.
Chesebro, J. W., & Fuse, K. (2001). The development of a perceived masculinity scale. Communication Quarterly, 49(3), 203-278.
Cramblitt, B., & Pritchard, M. (2013). Media's influence on the drive for muscularity in undergraduates. Eating behaviors, 14(4), 441-446.
Calogero, R. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2010). Gender and body image. In Handbook of gender research in psychology (pp. 153-184). Berlin: Springer.
Dimeo, P. (2007). A History of Drug Use in Sport 1876-1976 Beyond Good and Evil. Oxford: Routledge.
Daniel, S., Bridges, S. K., & Martens, M. P. (2014). The development and validation of the Male Assessment of Self-Objectification (MASO). Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(1), 78.
De Visser, R. O. (2009). “I'm Not a Very Manly Man” Qualitative Insights into Young Men's Masculine Subjectivity. Men and Masculinities, 11(3), 367-371.
De Visser, R. O., Smith, J. A., & McDonnell, E. J. (2009). ‘That’s not masculine’ Masculine Capital and Health-related Behaviour. Journal of health psychology, 14(7), 1047-1058.
Fuller, J. R., & LaFountain, M. J. (1987). Performance-enhancing drugs in sport: a different form of drug abuse. Adolescence, 22(88), 969.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline andpunish : the birth of the prison (1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(2), 173-206.
Farquhar, J. C., & Wasylkiw, L. (2007). Media images of men: Trends and consequences of body conceptualization. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(3), 145.
Franklin II, C. W. (2012). The changing definition of masculinity. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Gilbert, B. (1969). Three part series on drugs in sport. Seattle: Sports Illustrated.
Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. London: Macmillan International Higher Education.
Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: Toward a corporeal feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gudykunst, W. B. (2001). Asian American ethnicity and communication. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gill, R., Henwood, K., & McLean, C. (2005). Body projects and the regulation of normative masculinity. Body & society, 11(1), 37-62.
Hough, D. O. (1990). Anabolic steroids and ergogenic aids. American family physician, 41(4), 1157-1164.
Hofstede, G. (1978). Value Systems in Forty Countries: Interpretation, Validation and Consequence for Theory. Brussels: European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management.
Hasbrook, C. A., & Harris, O. (1999). Wrestling with gender: Physicality and masculinities among inner-city first and second graders. Men and masculinities, 7(3), 302-318.
Harvey, J. A., & Robinson, J. D. (2003). Eating disorders in men: Current considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10(4), 297-306.
Huang, S. (2004). Male studies need to be included in textbook and gender study syllabus. Journal of Women and Gender Studies, 17, 116-123.
Haenfler, R. (2004). Manhood in contradiction: The two faces of straight edge. Men and Masculinities, 7(1), 77-99.
Hallsworth, L., Wade, T., & Tiggemann, M. (2005). Individual differences in male body‐image: An examination of self‐objectification in recreational body builders. British journal of health psychology, 10(3), 453-465.
Jarvis, M. (2006). Sport psychology. Oxford: Routledge.
Jeffords, S. (1989). The remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Jenkins, R. (2014). Pierre bourdieu. Oxford: Routledge.
Kaufman, M. (1993). Cracking the armour: Power, pain and the lives of men. New York: Viking.
Kimmel, M. S. (1987). Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Kacen, J. J. (2000). Girrrl power and boyyy nature: the past, present, and paradisal future of consumer gender identity. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 18(6/7), 345-355.
Kidd, B. (2013). Sports and masculinity. Sport in society, 16(4), 553-564.
Lillegard, W. A., & Rucker, K. S. (1993). Handbook of Sports Medicine: A Symptom-Oriented Approach. Andover Medical Pubs.
Lipson, J. G. (1994). Ethical Issues in Ethnography. In Morse. J. M.(Ed), Criti-cal issues in qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Le Unes, A. & Nation, J. (1996). Sport Psychology. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Lenehan, P. (2003). Anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Levant, R. F., & Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity reconstructed: changing the rules of manhood- at work, in relationships and in family life. Boston: Dutton.
Lorenzen, L. A., Grieve, F. G., & Thomas, A. (2004). Brief report: Exposure to muscular male models decreases men’s body satisfaction. Sex Roles, 51(11-12), 743-748.
Lee, J. D. (2008). Socio-cultural constructions of traditional masculinity and relationships to sport/physical activity values and behaviors. Ann Arbor: ProQuest.
Le Breton, D. (2011). Anthropologie du corps et modernité. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Moradi, B. (2010). Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles, 63, 138-148.
Messner, M. A. (1992). Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press.
Meggyesy, D. (2005). Out of their league. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press.
Millman, R. B. & Ross, E. J. (2003). Steroid and nutritional supplement use in professional athletes. The American Journal on Addictions, 12, s48-s5
MacInnes, J. (1998). End of masculinity: The confusion of sexual genesis and sexual difference in modern society. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of men & masculinity, 4(1), 3.
Mussap, A. J. (2008). Masculine gender role stress and the pursuit of muscularity. International Journal of Men's Health, 7(1), 72-89.
Michaels, M. S., Parent, M. C., & Moradi, B. (2013). Does exposure to muscularity-idealizing images have self-objectification consequences for heterosexual and sexual minority men?. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), 175.
Nikkelen, S. W., Anschutz, D. J., Ha, T., & Engels, R. C. (2012). Influence of visual attention on male body dissatisfaction after idealized media exposure. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(3), 308.
Olivardia, R., Pope Jr, H. G., Borowiecki III, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: the relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of men & masculinity, 5(2), 112.
Punch, M. (1998). Politics and ethics in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of qualitative Research: Theories and issue. Sage. 156-184.
Reents, S. (2000). Sport and exercise pharmacology. Champaign: Human Kinetic.
Richardson, L. (2000). Writing: A method of inquiry. Handbook of qualitative research, 923-948.
Rajan, G. (2006). Constructing-contesting masculinities: Trends in South Asian cinema. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 31(4), 1099-1124.
Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Lillis, J., & Thomas, K. (2006). A longitudinal investigation of the development of weight and muscle concerns among preadolescent boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 168-178.
Strauss, R. H., & Yesalis, C. E. (1991). Anabolic steroids in the athlete. Annual review of medicine, 42(1), 449-457.
Strelan, P., & Boeckmann, R. J. (2003). A new model for understanding performance-enhancing drug use by elite athletes. Journal of applied sport psychology, 15(2), 176-183.
Scott, S., & Morgan, D. (1993). Body matters: Essays on the sociology of the body. London: Psychology Press.
Smolak, L., & Stein, J. A. (2010). A longitudinal investigation of gender role and muscle building in adolescent boys. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 738-746.
Shilling, C. (2012). The body and social theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Swami, V., & Voracek, M. (2013). Associations among men's sexist attitudes, objectification of women, and their own drive for muscularity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), 168.
Tricker, R., O'Neill, M. R., & Cook, D. (1989). The incidence of anabolic steroid use among competitive bodybuilders. Journal of drug education, 19(4), 313-325.
Van der Watt, J. S., & Louw, D. J. (2012). Masculine identity and the projection of'male images' in mass media: towards a pastoral hermeneutics in theory formation. Dutch Reformed Theological Journal= Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 53(3_4), 363-378.
Wienke, C. (1998). Negotiating the male body: Men, masculinity, and cultural ideals. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 6(3), 255-282.
Weber, B. R. (2006). What Makes the Man? Television Makeovers, Made-Over Masculinity, and Male Body Image. International Journal of Men's Health, 5(3).

三、電子新聞與網路資源
于承宇(2021/08/02)。健身黑魔法！同化類固醇的用途和副作用
https://helloyishi.com.tw/fitness/other-fitness-activities/the-uses-and-risks-of-anabolic-steroid/
健身(2020/08/30)。維基百科。擷取於2022/05/11
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%81%A5%E8%BA%AB
業餘愛好者(2021/08/31)。維基百科。擷取於2022/05/11
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A5%AD%E9%A4%98%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85
Black, M. I. (2018/02/18). Michael Ian Black On Why 'Boys Are Broken.
https://www.npr.org/2018/02/18/586888452/michael-ian-black-on-why-boys-are-broken
Eynon, M., & Lowry, R. (2013/09). The Role of Physical Activity on the “Adonis Complex”. ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304204116_The_Role_of_Physical_Activity_on_the_Adonis_Complex
Juergens, J. (2021/09/30). Anabolic Steroid Addiction And Abuse.
https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/steroids/
Nida. (2021/04/12). What are the side effects of anabolic steroid misuse?.
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/steroids-other-appearance-performance-enhancing-drugs-apeds/what-are-side-effects-anabolic-steroid-misuse

四、影視資源
Pemez, S., & Rebetez, W.,（2018）。《Drop Dead Fit》［DVD］。UK：3Boxmedia