物聯網 (IoT) 呈指數級增長，其目標是將全球數十億的物理設備連接到互聯網。這些設備收集、共享和處理數據以解決關鍵問題並改善日常生活。大多數物聯網設備都是電池供電的，需要長距離通信。然而，使用無線傳感器網路 (WSN) 進行遙測或監控被認為是一種無需人工干預即可收集信息的經濟且便捷的方式。不幸的是，對於大的地理區域和困難的操作條件（例如缺乏網路電源和基礎設施），如大型農場或森林設計這些無線傳感器網路既困難又昂貴。
當今普遍使用許多無線技術，例如用於數據收集和遙感的 Zig-Bee、Wi-Fi 和藍牙。一般來說，這種使用方式不僅容易出現故障，傳輸成本高，而且耗電量大，不適合電池供電的系統。這些技術亦需要額外的管理和維護成本來維護系統。
LoRa 是一種新的無線電通信物理存儲標準，使用線性調頻展頻調變來提供長寬信號。同時，LoRa 還具有低功耗的特點。因此，LoRa 在設備成本、能源消耗和無線電廣播方面都超越了同類技術。它也被認為是未來物聯網 (IoT) 有前途的解決方案之一。
在這項研究中，我們將研究和開發一個使用 LoRa 協議的物聯網原型系統。基於 LoRa 協議，我們將從終端節點接收數據並分析數據。我們還將向端節點發送命令以根據我們的要求執行某些操作。最終，本研究的目的是提供 LoRaWAN 協議的詳細知識並開發原型應用程序。

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing exponentially which aim is to connect billions of physical devices to the internet around the world. These devices collect, share and process data to solve critical problems & improve everyday life. Most of the IoT devices are battery powered, and need to communicate for long distances. However, telemetry or monitoring using a wireless sensor network (WSN) is considered an economical and convenient way to collect information without human intervention. Unfortunately, designing these wireless sensor networks for large farms or forests is difficult and expensive due to the large geographic area and difficult operating conditions such as lack of network power and infrastructure.

Many wireless technologies commonly used today, such as Zig-Bee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth for data collection and remote sensing. In general, this type of use is not only prone to failure and high transmission costs, but also uses a lot of power and is not suitable for battery powered systems. These technologies required additional administration and maintenance costs to maintain the system.

LoRa is a new physical storage standard for wireless telecommunications. LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum modulation to provide long and wide signals. At the same time, LoRa also has low power consumption. Thus, LoRa surpasses similar technologies in terms of equipment cost, energy consumption and radio broadcasting. It is also considered one of the promising solutions for the future of the Internet of Things (IoT).

In this research we will study and develop a prototype IoT system using the LoRa protocol. Based on the LoRa protocol we will receive data from end nodes and analyse the data. We will also send commands to the end node to perform certain actions depending on our requirement. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to provide a detailed knowledge of the LoRaWAN protocol and to develop a prototype application.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), Automation, Data Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I
ABSTRACT II
LIST OF FIGURES VI
LIST OF TABLES IX
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 IOT IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 2
1.2 IOT IN SMART HOME APPLICATIONS 3
1.3 IOT IN MEDICAL CARE 4
1.4 IOT IN SMART CITIES 5
1.5 IOT IN AGRICULTURE 6
1.6 CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES 7
1.7 THESIS ORGANIZATION 8
CHAPTER 2 - IOT PROTOCOLS & STANDARDS 9
2.1 BLUETOOTH 10
2.1.2. How does this technology handle standardization? 11
2.1.3 What can be learned from this? 12
2.2 ZIGBEE 13
2.2.1. What is ZigBee and how can it be used? 13
2.2.2 How does this technology handle standardization? 13
2.2.3 What can be learned from this? 14
2.3 6LOWPAN 15
2.3.1 What is 6LoWPAN and how to use it? 15
2.3.2 How does this technology handle standardization? 15
2.3.3 What can be learn from this? 16
2.4 WI-FI 16
2.4.1 What is Wi-Fi and how do I use it? 16
2.4.2 How does the technology deal with standardization? 16
2.4.3 What can be learned from this? 18
2.5 Z-WAVE 18
2.5.1 What is Z-Wave and how to use it? 18
2.5.2 How does this technology handle standardization? 18
2.5.3 What can be learn from this? 19
2.6 NFC 20
2.6.1 What is NFC and how to use it? 20
2.6.2 How does this technology handle standardization? 20
2.6.3 What can be learned from this? 21
2.7 LORAWAN 21
2.7.1 What is LoRaWAN and how can it be used? 21
2.7.2 How does the technology deal with standardization? 22
2.7.3 What can be learned from this? 22
CHAPTER 3 - BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 23
3.1 OUTLINE OF THE LP-WAN TECHNOLOGIES 23
3.2 WIRELESS SENSORS NETWORKS 24
3.3 LORA (LONG RANGE) 24
3.3.1 MODULATION PARAMETERS 25
3.3.2 LORA DATA PACKET STRUCTURE 27
3.3.3 LORA REGULATIONS 27
3.4 LORAWAN (LORA WIDE AREA NETWORK) 28
3.5 OTAA HANDSHAKE 29
3.6 COMPARE LORAWAN WITH OTHER RADIO TECHNOLOGIES 30
3.7 APPLICATIONS THAT CAN BE BUILT USING LORA TECHNOLOGY 31
CHAPTER 4 - METHODOLOGY 33
4.1 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 34
4.1.1 Introduction 34
4.1.2 Sensor Types 35
4.2 END NODE 39
4.2.1 END NODE WORKING MODEL 41
4.3 GATEWAY 42
4.3.1 Introduction 42
4.3.2 Gateway architecture 42
4.4 NETWORK SERVER 44
4.4.1 The Things Network – TTN 44
4.4.2 The Things Industries – TTI 45
4.4.3 Every net 45
4.4.4 ThingPark – Actility 45
4.4.5 Multitech Network Server 45
4.4.6 LoRa SERVER (ChirpStack) 46
4.4.7 ORANGE LiveObjects 46
4.5 APPLICATION SERVER 46
CHAPTER 5 - EXPERIMENTAL SETUP & RESULT 49
5.1 GATEWAY 50
5.2 GATEWAY NETWORK SETUP 51
5.3 GATEWAY REGISTRATION IN LORAWAN SERVER 52
5.4 APPLICATIONS & END NODE REGISTRATION: 54
5.5 HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM: 56
5.6 PYTHON APPLICATION: 59
5.7 ANDROID APPLICATION: 59
5.8 DATA STORAGE & ANALYTICS USING TAGO.IO 62
5.9 DATA STORAGE TO MYSQL DATABASE USING HTTP INTEGRATION 69
5.9 DATA ANALYSIS 75
CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 81
6.1 CONCLUSIONS 81
6.2 FUTURE WORK 82
REFERENCES 83

[01].Al-Fuqaha. 2015. Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. s.l. : IEEE communications surveys & tutorials 17, 2015.
[02].Harwood, Trevor. [Online] https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-protocols/.
[03].Filho, Francisco. 2020. [Online] 2020. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/11/3061.
[04].Malche, T. and Maheshwary, P., 2017, February. Internet of Things (IoT) for building smart home system. In 2017 International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud)(I-SMAC) (pp. 65-70). IEEE. . s.l. : International conference on I-SMAC.
[05].Jaidka, H., Sharma, N. and Singh, R., 2020, May. Evolution of iot to iiot: Applications & challenges. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communications (ICICC).
[06].Chong, G., Zhihao, L. and Yifeng, Y., 2011, September. The research and implement of smart home system based on internet of things. In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC) (pp. 2944-2947). IEEE.
[07].Rustia, D.J.A., Nha, N.T. and Lin, T.T., An IoT-based information system for honeybee in and out activity with beehive environmental condition monitoring.
[08].Ma, M., Wang, P. and Chu, C.H., 2013, August. Data management for internet of things: Challenges, approaches and opportunities. In 2013 IEEE International conference on green computing and communications and IEEE Internet of Things and IEEE cyber, physica.
[09].Augustin, A., Yi, J., Clausen, T. and Townsley, W.M., 2016. A study of LoRa: Long range & low power networks for the internet of things. Sensors, 16(9), p.1466. p. 1466.
[10].The application of IOT in medical system. s.l. : Li, S., Pan, W. and Yong, J., 2008. 2008 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Education.
[11].Rathore, M.M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A., Wan, J. and Zhang, D., 2016. Real-time medical emergency response system: exploiting IoT and big data for public health. Journal of medical systems, 40(12), pp.1-10. s.l. : Journal of medical systems.
[12].City of things: An integrated and multi-technology testbed for IoT smart city experiments.
[13].Zhao, J.C., Zhang, J.F., Feng, Y. and Guo, J.X., 2010, July. The study and application of the IOT technology in agriculture. In 2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (Vol. 2, pp. 462-465). IEEE.
[14].Cardei, M. and Wu, J., 2006. Energy-efficient coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks. Computer communications, 29(4), pp.413-420.
[15].Haartsen, J.C., 2000. The Bluetooth radio system. IEEE personal communications, 7(1), pp.28-36.
[16].Conti, M. and Moretti, D., 2005, March. System level analysis of the bluetooth standard. In Design, Automation and Test in Europe (pp. 118-123). IEEE. .
[17].Study on ZigBee technology. s.l. : Verma, O.P., Agarwal, R., Dafouti, D. and Tyagi, S., 2011, April. Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: Peformance analysis of data encryption algorithms. In 2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology (Vol. 5, pp. 3.
[18].S Michas, J Leah. [Online] https://www.ecmag.com/section/systems/buzz-zigbee.
[19].Safaric, S. and Malaric, K., 2006, June. ZigBee wireless standard. In Proceedings ELMAR 2006 (pp. 259-262). IEEE.
[20].Ma, X. and Luo, W., 2008, December. The analysis of 6LoWPAN technology. In 2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application (Vol. 1, pp. 963-966). IEEE. .
[21].Wenbo, Y., Quanyu, W. and Zhenwei, G., 2015, July. Smart home implementation based on Internet and WiFi technology. In 2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC) (pp. 9072-9077). IEEE.
[22].Sidhu, B., Singh, H. and Chhabra, A., 2007. Emerging wireless standards-wifi, zigbee and wimax. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 25(2007), pp.308-313.
[23].Al-Sarawi, S., Anbar, M., Alieyan, K. and Alzubaidi, M., 2017, May. Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocols. In 2017 8th International conference on information technology (ICIT) (pp. 685-690). IEEE. .
[24].Coskun, V., Ok, K. and Ozdenizci, B., 2011. Near field communication (NFC): From theory to practice. John Wiley & Sons.
[25].Haxhibeqiri, J., De Poorter, E., Moerman, I. and Hoebeke, J., 2018. A survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From technology to application. Sensors, 18(11), p.3995.
[26].Parvez, F.A., Chaitanya, J. and Yara, T., 2021. A development architecture of Lora gateway communication technology using artificial intelligence. Materials Today: Proceedings.
[27].Mekki, K., Bajic, E., Chaxel, F. and Meyer, F., 2019. A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment. ICT express, 5(1), pp.1-7.
[28].Yoneki, E. and Bacon, J., 2005. A survey of Wireless Sensor Network technologies. UCAM-CL-TR-646.
[29].Kim, D.H., Park, J.B., Shin, J.H. and Kim, J.D., 2017, January. Design and implementation of object tracking system based on LoRa. In 2017 International conference on information networking (ICOIN) (pp. 463-467). IEEE.
[30].Jamali-Rad, H., Campman, X., MacKay, I., Walk, W., Beker, M., van den Brand, J., Bulten, H.J. and van Beveren, V., 2018. IoT-based wireless seismic quality control. The Leading Edge, 37(3), pp.214-221. s.l. : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323620460_IoT-based_wireless_seismic_quality_control.
[31].Khutsoane, O., Isong, B. and Abu-Mahfouz, A.M., 2017, October. IoT devices and applications based on LoRa/LoRaWAN. In IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 6107-6112). IEEE.
[32].Isaivani, M. and Sivasankari, T., "An Enhancement of Security Standards based on Pseudonyms in Near Field Communication," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(3).
[33].Vidales, Mike. 2020. 802.15.4 Wireless for Internet of Things Developers . [Online] 2020. https://blog.helium.com/802-15-4-wireless-for-internet-of-things-developers-1948fc313b2e.
[34].Augustin, A., Yi, J., Clausen, T. and Townsley, W.M., 2016. A study of LoRa: Long range & low power networks for the internet of things. Sensors, 16(9), p.1466.
[35].Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sánchez-Gómez, J., Pérez, S., Fernández, P.J., Santa, J., Hernández-Ramos, J.L. and Skarmeta, A.F., 2018. Enhancing lorawan security through a lightweight and authenticated key management approach. Sensors, 18(6), p.1833.
[36].Sanchez-Iborra, R., Sánchez-Gómez, J., Pérez, S., Fernández, P.J., Santa, J., Hernández-Ramos, J.L. and Skarmeta, A.F., 2018. Enhancing lorawan security through a lightweight and authenticated key management approach. Sensors, 18(6), p.1833.
[37].Afaneh, M. Wireless Connectivity Options for IoT Applications – Technology Comparison. [Online] https://www.bluetooth.com/blog/wireless-connectivity-options-for-iot-applications-technology-comparison/.
[38].Beavers, I. Intelligence at the Edge Part 1: The Edge Node. [Online] https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/intelligence-at-the-edge-part-1-the-edge-node.html#.
[39].8 Best IoT Cloud Platforms in 2021. [Online] https://euristiq.com/8-best-iot-cloud-platforms/.
[40].Akarsh. LoRaWAN Setup using Dragino Gateway and TheThingsNetwork. [Online] https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/akarsh98/lorawan-setup-using-dragino-gateway-and-thethingsnetwork-89f880.
[41].PDAControl. Getting started, considerations and concepts LoRaWAN # 1 . [Online] http://pdacontrolen.com/getting-started-considerations-and-concepts-lorawan-1/.