本實驗使用網版印刷法製作工作電極與散射層。工作電極使用小顆粒P25-TiO2，散射層使用小顆粒P25-TiO2和大顆粒P200-TiO2混合，得到最佳工作電極參數後搭配後處理再以二硫化鉬對電極與白金對電極進行比較。
以水熱法合成二硫化鉬化合物，在FTO玻璃上滴上二硫化鉬懸浮液，將其作用於染料敏化太陽能電池中的對電極，並期望提高染料敏化太陽能電池效率，取代傳統白金對電極。

第一章 緒論 14
1.1前言 14
1.2 研究動機 15
第二章 文獻回顧 16
2.1 太陽能電池發展簡介 16
2.2 太陽能電池材料種類 16
2.2.1 矽基太陽能電池 17
2.2.2 化合物太陽能電池 18
2.2.3 染料敏化太陽能電池(dye-sensitized solar cells) 19
2.3 染料敏化太陽能電池之工作原理及組成架構 20
2.4染料敏化太陽能電池基本結構 22
2.4.1 基板 22
2.4.2 工作電極 23
2.4.3 染料光敏化劑 24
2.4.4 電解質 26
2.4.5 對電極 26
2.5二硫化鉬 27
第三章 實驗方法與裝置 29
3.1 實驗儀器設備 29
3.1.1 超純水系統 (Ultrapure water purification system) 29
3.1.2 加熱磁石攪拌器 (Magnetic Stirrer) 29
3.1.3網印版 (Screen Printer) 30
3.1.4 超音波震盪器 (Ultrasonic Cleaner) 30
3.1.5 烘箱 (Oven) 31
3.1.6 管型高溫爐 (High Temperature Tube Furnace) 32
3.1.7鑽孔機 (Driller) 33
3.1.8 微量滴管 (Micropipette) 34
3.1.9 熱壓機 (Thermo Compressor) 34
3.2 測量儀器設備 35
3.2.1 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(Field emission of scanning electron mircroscope, FE-SEM) 35
3.2.2 X光繞射儀(X-Ray diffraction, XRD) 36
3.2.3 太陽電池I-V量測系統(Solar cell I-V measurement) 36
3.2.4 電化學阻抗頻譜 (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) 39
3.3實驗藥品 41
3.4 實驗流程 43
3.4.1 工作電極漿料製備 43
3.4.2 散射層漿料製備 44
3.4.2 四氯化鈦前處理緻密層製備 45
3.4.3 工作電極製備 46
3.4.4 染料製備方法 47
3.4.5 Pt對電極製作 47
3.4.6 電池封裝 48
3.5 以水熱法合成二硫化鉬化合物應用於對電極之製備 49
第四章 結果與討論 50
4.1 工作電極分析 50
4.1.1不同層數工作電極比較 50
4.1.2工作電極搭配散射層以及後處理比較 52
4.2 XRD晶相分析 54
4.2.1工作電極與散射層 54
4.2.2 MoS2晶相分析 55
4.3.1工作電極表面形貌 56
4.3.2對電極表面形貌 58
4.4三維輪廓表面與剖面分析 60
4.4.1 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面及表面粗糙分析 60
4.4.2 P25-TiO2增加散射層薄膜剖面及表面粗糙分析 63
4.5電化學阻抗頻譜分析 66
4.6二硫化鉬元素分析 67
第五章 結論 70
參考文獻 72



 
圖目錄
圖2- 1太陽能電池種類 17
圖2- 2染料敏化太陽能電池的工作原理 20
圖2- 3染料敏化太陽能電池基本結構示意圖 22
圖2- 4二氧化鈦晶型結構 23
圖2- 5 N3、N719、BLACK DYE染料 25
圖2- 6 MOS2晶體結構 28
圖3- 1加熱磁石攪拌器 29
圖3- 2網印版 30
圖3- 3超音波震盪器 31
圖3- 4烘箱 32
圖3- 5管型高溫爐 33
圖3- 6鑽孔機 33
圖3- 7微量滴管 34
圖3- 8熱壓機 34
圖3- 9場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡 35
圖3- 10 X光繞射儀 36
圖3- 11 太陽能電池I-V特性曲線及參數 38
圖3- 12太陽能電池I-V量測系統 38
圖3- 13奈奎斯特示意圖 39
圖4- 1 PT工作電極一至五層電流-電壓曲線 51
圖4- 2 MOS2工作電極一至五層電流-電壓曲線 52
圖4- 3四層工作電極有無散射層與後處理電壓-電流曲線 53
圖4- 4 P25-TIO2及P200-TIO2的XRD繞射圖譜 55
圖4- 5 MOS2之XRD繞射圖譜 56
圖4- 6 P25- TIO2薄膜表面形貌 57
圖4- 7 P200- TIO2薄膜表面形貌 57
圖4- 8 MOS2對電極表面形貌(10000倍) 58
圖4- 9 MOS2對電極表面形貌(20000倍) 59
圖4- 10 MOS2對電極表面形貌(60000倍) 59
圖4- 11 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面厚度(一層) 61
圖4- 12 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面厚度(二層) 61
圖4- 13 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面厚度(三層) 62
圖4- 14 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面厚度(四層) 62
圖4- 15 P25-TIO2薄膜的2D表面粗糙度分析圖 63
圖4-16 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜剖面厚度(一層) 64
圖4-17 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜剖面厚度(二層) 64
圖4- 18 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜剖面厚度(三層) 65
圖4- 19 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜剖面厚度(四層) 65
圖4- 20 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜的2D表面粗糙度分析圖 66
圖4- 21 MOS2對電極與PT對電極EIS圖 67
圖4-22 MOS2 XPS光譜 68
圖4-23 MOS2 XPS光譜(S 2P) 69
圖4-24 MOS2 XPS光譜(MO 3D) 69

 
表目錄
表2- 1 TIO2的結晶特徵與物理性質 24
表4- 1 工作電極和PT對電極一至五層光電特性 51
表4- 2工作電極和MOS2對電極一至五層光電特性 52
表4- 3四層工作電極有無散射層與後處理光伏特性 54
表4- 4 P25-TIO2薄膜剖面厚度及粗糙度 62
表4- 5 P25-TIO2+散射層薄膜剖面厚度及粗糙度 65
表4- 6 PT和MOS2的RS與RCT 67

[1] M. Al-Mamun, H. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Cao, and H. Zhao, “Directly hydrothermal growth of ultrathin MoS2 nanostructured films as high performance counter electrodes for dye-sensitised solar cells,” RSC Advances, vol. 41, pp.21277-21283, 2014.
[2] D. M. Chapin, C. Fuller, and G. pearson, “A new silicon p-n junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electrical power,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 25, pp. 676-677, 1954.
[3] P. Jackson, R. Wuerz, D. Hariskos, E. Lotter, W. Witte, and M. Powalla, “Effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6%,” Phys. Status Solidi RRL, vol. 10, pp. 583–586, 2016
[4] B. O'Reganb, and M. Gratzel, “ A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films,” Nature, vol 353, pp.737–740, 1991.
[5] 國家能源科技人才培育計畫, “太陽能分類.”
[6] A. Ali, S. L. Cheow, A. W. Azhari, K. Sopian, Saleem H. Zaidi, “Enhancing crystalline silicon solar cell efficiency with SixGe1-x layers, ” Results in physics, vol. 77, pp. 225-232,2017.
[7] Wu, X., “High -efficiency polycrystalline CdTe thin-film solar cells, ” Solar energy, vol. 77, pp. 803-817, 2004.
[8] Mathew, S., et al., “Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers, ” Nat Chem, vol. 6, pp. 242-7, 2014.
[9] J. H. Yum, E. Baranoff, S. Wenger, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and M.Gratzel, “Panchromatic engineering for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 4, pp. 842-857, 2011.
[10] C. C. Pla Cid, E. R. Spada, M.L. Sartorelli, “Effect of the cathodic polarization on structural and morphological proprieties of FTO and ITO thin films,” Applied Surface Science, col. 273, pp. 603-606, 2013.
[11] H. M. Yatesa, P. Evansa, D. W. Sheel, “the influence of F-doping in SnO2 thin films,” Physics Procedia, pp. 159-166, 2013.
[12] C. Sima, C. Grigoriu, S. Antohe, “Comparison of the dye-sensitized solar cells performances based on transparent conductive ITO and FTO, ” Thin Solid Films, pp. 595-597, 2010.
[13] Liu, B., E. S.Aydil, “Growth of Oriented Single-Crystalline Rutile TiO2 Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Substrates for Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells,” Journal of American Chemical Society, vol. 131, pp. 3985-3990, 2009.
[14] Martinson, A. B. F., et al., “ZnO nanotube based dye-sensitized solar cells,” Nano Letters, vol. 7, pp. 2183-2187, 2007.
[15] Jin E. M., et al., “Biotemplated hybrid TiO2 nanoparticle and TiO2-SiO2 composites for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Materials Letters, vol. 131, pp. 190-193, 2014.
[16] 翁啟航,“太陽能電池,”東華書局, 2010.
[17] C. Luo, X. Ren, Z. Dai, Y. Zhang, X. Qi, and C. Pan, “Present Perspectives of Advanced Characterization Techniques in TiO2-Based Photocatalysts,” ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, vol.99, pp. 23265, 2017.
[18] Kinoshita, T., et al., “Wideband dye-sensitized solar cells employing a phosphine-coordinated ruthenium sensitizer,” Nature Photonics, vol. 7, pp. 535-539, 2013.
[19] Liu, S.-H., et al., “Theoretical Study of N749 Dyes Anchoring on the (Tio2)28 Surface in DSSCs and their Eletronic Absorption Properties,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, pp. 16338-16345, 2012.
[20] Robson, K.C., et al., “Design and development of functionalized cyclometalated ruthenium chromophores for light-harvesting applications, ” Inorg Chem, vol.50, pp.5494-508, 2011.
[21] K. Portillo-Cortez, A. Martínez, M. Bizarro, M. F. García-Sánchez, F. Güell, A. Dutt, and G. Santana, “Few-layer MoS2nanosheets coated onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a low-cost and highly electrocatalytic counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 47, pp.24753-24759, 2012.
[22] R. Senthilkumar, S. Ramakrishnan, Murali Balu, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, Duraisamy Kumaresan, and Nikhil K. Kothurkar,“One-step hydrothermal synthesis of marigold flower-like nanostructured MoS2 as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 22, pp.3331-3341, 2018.
[23] D. Ding1, Y. Pan, W. Huang, H.Zheng, W. Ji, and C. Jin, “Self-feeding formation of atomically thin molybdenum nanoflakes on MoS2 monolayer, ” 2D Materials, vol. 8, pp. 35054, 2021.
[24] R. Senthilkumar, S. Ramakrishnan, M. Balu, P. C. Ramamurthy, D. Kumaresan, and N. K. Kothurkar, “One-step hydrothermal synthesis of marigold flower-like nanostructured MoS2 as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 22, pp. 3331-3341, 2018.
[25] M. K. Francis, P. B. Bhargav, N. Santhosh, N. Ahmed, C. Balaji, and R. Govindaraj, “Carbonaceous-MoS2 nanoflower-based counter electrodes for bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 54, pp.135501, 2021.
[26] G. Gopakumar, S. V. Nair, and M. Shanmugam “ Hydrothermal processed heterogeneous MoS2 assisted charge transport in dye sensitized solar cells, ” Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing, vol. 125, p. 822 ,2019.