It is a complex determination of entrepreneurs to reduce the pollution due to the customer environmental awareness. So, The strategy to replace from the fuel delivery fleet (Fuel vehicle) to the electric delivery fleet (Electric vehicle) in transportation is balancing the customer demand and enterpreneur demand. How does the entrepreneur's plan to replace the electric delivery fleet and the optimal number of the electric fleet to replace in order to combine the fuel fleet of existing due to the electric vehicle performance restriction under the limitation of the as charging time, total cost, technology innovation, etc. At the same time, the operator must maintain the customer satisfaction. However, there is the difference limitation of irrelevant factors as the country's infrastructure, the law's restriction that government contributes.
Therefore, this research analyzes the variables that influence the entrepreneur's decision by the mathematic programming model among the demand, total cost, carbon emission, and operating time. In this case, the result of the optimal solution to mix the fleet composition between fuel and electric vehicle is operator needs to replace all of the fuel vehicles with the electric vehicle. It can seem that the total cost increase, whereas the profit also increase due to the demand (revenue). If the entrepreneur able minimize the carbon emission, it takes effect to increase the customer demand due to the eviromentally friendly awareness.

Acknowledgement i
Abstract iii
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Objective 7
1.3 Research Scope 8
1.4 Research Process 9
Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 13
2.1 Carbon emission in transportation 13
2.2 Electric vehicle in Transportation 15
2.3 Environmental consideration and demands 18
Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Conceptual Framework 21
3.2 Model formulation 24
3.2.1 Objective function 24
3.2.2 Demand function 25
3.2.3 Cost function 26
3.2.4 Carbon emission function 29
3.2.5 Operating time function 31
3.3 Instruments 32
Chapter 4 – CASE STUDY 33
4.1 Case study information 33
4.1.1 General data of Thailand 33
4.1.2 Transportation and logistic demand in Thailand 34
4.1.3 The service fee of the logistic company in Thailand 36
4.1.4 The model and characteristic of fuel and electric vehicle 37
4.2 Case study analysis 39
4.2.1 The routing distance 39
4.2.2 The operating time 39
4.2.3 The carbon emission 41
4.2.4 The cost 43
4.2.4 The demand 46
4.3 Sensitive analysis 49
4.3.1 Responsibility in the environmentally friendly analysis 49
4.3.2 Irresponsibility in the environmentally friendly analysis 52
4.3.3 The service frequency analysis 54
4.3.4 The electricity service price analysis 58
Chapter 5 – CONCLUSION 61
5.1 Summary 61
5.1.1 The optimal solution 61
5.1.2 The relationship among the fleet composition 62
5.1.3 The relationship between the fleet composition and service time 63
5.1.4 The relationship between the electric service price and company profit 64
5.1 Implications 65
5.1 Limitations 66
REFERENCE 67

Hafner, J. A. (2021, July 11). Thailand. Retrieved May 9, 2021, from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand
Royal Thai Embassy, W. D. (n.d.). Thailand in brief. Retrieved from Royal Thai Embassy, Washington D.C.: https://thaiembdc.org/about-thailand/thailand-in-brief/
worldometers. (2021, July 17). Thailand Population. Retrieved July 2021, from worldometers: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/thailand-population/
Policy, T. O. (2019). โครงการศึกษาแนวทางการติดตามประเมิน (Tracking) การใช้พลังงานที่ลดได้จากมาตรการภาคขนส่ง. The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and planning, Bangkok.
Mordorintelligence. (n.d.). THAILAND FREIGHT AND LOGSITICS - GROWTH, TRENDS, COVID-19 IMPACT, AND FORECASTS (2021-2026). Retrieved July 12, 2021, from Mordorintelligence:https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/thailand-freight-and-logistics-market
Angthongfiber. (2019, December 14). เปรียบเทียบ 7 บริการส่งสินค้า ที่ไหนดี ราคาคุ้มสุด. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Angthongfiber: https://angthongfiber.com/2019/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8 %9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A-7-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0% B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0% B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0% B8%87%E0%B8%AA/
Motorlet. (n.d.). TOYOTA PROACE VERSO DIESEL ESTATE. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from Motorlet: https://www.motorlet.co.uk/car-leasing/toyota/proace-verso/diesel-estate-20d-family-medium-5dr-premium
Ev-database. (2021, June 8). Toyota PROACE Verso M 75 kWh. Retrieved from Ev-database: https://ev-database.org/car/1514/Toyota-PROACE-Verso-M-75-kWh
IEA. (2019, November 26). Electric vehicledeployment in selected countries, 2013-2018. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from IEA: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/electric-car-deployment-in-selected-countries-2013-2018
Marshall, A. (2019, September 21). Amazon and the All-Electric Future of Fleet Vehicles. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from Wired: https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-all-electric-future-fleet-vehicles/
Summers, N. (2020, January 29). UPS will use Arrival’s electric trucks in the US and Europe. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from engadget: https://www.engadget.com/2020-01-29-ups-arrival-electric-trucks-order-investment.html
Bloomberg. (2019, May 8). Walmart on Track to Reduce 1 Billion Metric Tons of Emission from Global Supply Chains by 2030. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2019-05-08/walmart-on-track-to-reduce-1-billion-metric-tons-of-emission-from-global-supply-chains-by-2030
Dobson, G. (2019, March 12). IKEA Australia to have all electric delivery trucks within six years. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from Evtalk: https://evtalk.com.au/ikea-australia-to-have-all-electric-delivery-trucks-within-six-years/
Ingka. (2020, June 23). IKEA tests new electric vehicle prototypes. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Ingka: https://www.ingka.com/news/ikea-tests-new-electric-vehicle-prototypes/
Muller, J., & Walsh, B. (2020, January 29). UPS to buy 10,000 electric trucks from U.K. startup Arrival. Retrieved September 7, 2020, from Axios: https://www.axios.com/ups-buy-10000-electric-trucks-uk-startup-arrival-5f69b133-dbb3-4109-aeae-59d9f1c749b0.html
Szymkowski, S. (2020, September 17). Amazon sinks cash into EV startup Rivian as part of Climate Pledge. Retrieved October 3, 2020, from Cnet: https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/ news/amazon-ev-startup-rivian-investment-climate-pledge/
Kane, M. (2020, September 24). Walmart To Electrify Entire Fleet By 2040. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from Insideevs: https://insideevs.com/news/445649/walmart-electrify-entire-fleet-by-2040/
Nouira, I., Hammami, R., Frein, Y., & Temponi, C. (2016). Design of forward supply chains: Impact of a carbon emissions-sensitive demand. Int. J. Production Economics, 80-98.
Çabukoglu, E., Georges, G., Küng, L., Pareschi, G., & Boulouchos, K. (2019). Fuel cell electric vehicles: An option to decarbonize heavy-duty transport? Results from a Swiss case-study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 70, 35-48.
Liimatainen, H., Stenholm, P., Tapio, P., & McKinnon, A. (2012). Energy efficiency practices among road freight hauliers. Energy Policy 50, 833-842.
Anderhofstadt, B., & Spinler, S. (2020). Preferences for autonomous and alternative fuel-powered heavy-duty trucks in Germany. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 79, 102232.
Plötz, P., Gnann, T., Jochem, P., Yilmaz, H., & Kaschub, T. (2019). Impact of electric trucks powered by overhead lines on the European electricity system and CO2 emissions. Energy Policy 130, 32-40.
Zhou, T., J.Roorda, M., MacLean, H., & Luk, J. (2017). Life cycle GHG emissions and lifetime costs of medium-duty diesel and battery electric trucks in Toronto, Canada. 91-98.
Zhao, Y., Noori, M., & Tatari, O. (2016). Vehicle to Grid regulation services of electric delivery trucks: Economic and environmental benefit analysis. Economic and environmental benefit analysis.
Zhao, Y., Noori, M., & Tatar, O. (2016). Vehicle to Grid regulation services of electric delivery trucks Economic and environmental benefit analysis. Applied Energy 170, 161-175.
Mulholland, E., Teter, J., Cazzola, P., McDonald, Z., & Gallachóir, B. (2018). The long haul towards decarbonising road freight – A global assessment to 2050. Applied Energy 216,, 678-693.
Connolly, D. (350). Economic viability of electric roads compared to oil and batteries for all forms of road transport. Energy Strategy Reviews 18, 235-249.
Foltyński, M. (2014). Electric fleets in urban logistics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 151, 48-59.
Juan, A. A., Mendez, C. A., Faulin, J., de Armas, J., & Scott , G. E. (2016). Electric Vehicles in Logistics and Transportation: A Survey on Emerging Environmental, Strategic, and Operational Challenges. Energies mdpi.
Li, Y., Lim, M., & Tseng, M.-L. (2018). A green vehicle routing model based on modified particle swarm optimization for cold chain logistics. Green vehicle routing model, 473.
Åhman, M. (2006, March). Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan. Energy Policy 34(4), 433-443.
Yu , H., & Lu, C. (2014). Recent development of electric vehicles. Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols 490-491, 968-971.
MARAGKOU, S. (2017). DATA DRIVEN DESIGN OF A DEMAND RESPONSIVE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly.
MORIMOTO, R., SHIBAHARA, N., & KATO , H. (2013). Life Cycle Assessment of Road Improvement Projects Considering Innovations in Vehicle Technology and Changes in Traffic Demand. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 1189-1202.
Björklund, M. (2011). Influence from the business environment on environmental purchasing — Drivers and hinders of purchasing green transportation services. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 11-12.
Deakin, E. (2001). Sustainable Development and Sustainable Transportation: Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality, and Equity. UC Berkeley: Institute of Urban and Regional Development.
F.Daganzo, C., & F.Newell, G. (1985). Physical distribution from a warehouse: Vehicle coverage and inventory levels. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological Volume 19, Issue 5, 397-470.
United Nations Foundation. (n.d.). What is the Kyoto Protocol? Retrieved August 12, 2020, from United Nations Foundation: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
Thailand, B. o. (2021, 09 23). Bank of Thailand. Retrieved from https://www.bot.or.th/english/ financialmarkets/monetaryoperations/_layouts/application/exchangerate/exchangerate. aspx