根據自我決定理論(Self-Determination Theory)，個體在使命感的自主動機驅使下，會增加工作敬業。呈現正相關，本研究主要在探討組織因素的「團隊內競爭氣候」與個人因素的「心理資本」做為調節變數，以檢視此兩個變數是否會調節使命感與工作敬業之間的關係。研究結果發現「使命感與團隊內競爭氣候」對工作敬業有顯著的交互作用影響，當員工知覺高團隊內競爭氣候時，使命感與工作敬業的正向關係較弱，當員工知覺低團隊內競爭氣候時，使命感與工作敬業的正向關係較強。

Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that individuals’ work engagement increases when motivated by calling, thereby showing a positive correlation. Focusing on the organizational factor “intra-team competitive climate” and the individual factor “psychological capital” as moderating variables, this study examines whether these two variables moderate the relationship between calling and work engagement. The results demonstrated that intra-team competitive climate moderate the positive relationship between calling and work engagement: When intra-team competitive climate are high, this relationship will be attenuated; when intra-team competitive climate are low, this relationship will be strengthened.

誌謝 I
摘要 II
ABSTRACT III
目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 自我決定論 3
第二節 使命感與工作敬業：自我決定論觀點 6
壹、使命感 6
貳、工作敬業 6
參、使命感與工作敬業關係 7
第三節 團隊內競爭氣候對使命感與工作敬業 8
壹、團隊內競爭氣候 8
貳、團隊內競爭氣候在使命感與工作敬業的調節角色 8
第四節 心理資本對使命感與工作敬業 10
壹、心理資本 10
貳、心理資本對使命感與工作敬業的調節角色 10
第三章 研究方法 13
第一節 研究架構 13
第二節 研究假設 14
第三節 研究對象與施測程序 15
壹、樣本來源 15
貳、資料蒐集與問卷發放流程 15
第四節 研究變項及衡量 16
壹、使命感 16
貳、團隊內競爭氣候 16
參、心理資本 16
肆、工作敬業 16
伍、控制變數 17
第五節 資料分析方法 18
壹、敘述性統計分析 18
貳、信效度分析 18
參、皮爾森相關分析 18
肆、層級迴歸分析 18
第四章 研究結果
第一節 相關係數分析 19
第二節 區別效度分析 20
第三節 假設檢驗 21
壹、使命感對工作敬業之影響 21
貳、團隊內競爭氣候對使命感與工作敬業間關係之調節效果 21
第五章 結論與建議 23
第一節 理論意涵 23
第二節 管理意涵 25
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 27
壹、研究限制 27
貳、研究建議 27
參考文獻 28

Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 19(3), 235-258.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis of performance and weil‐being in two work settings 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-3.
Bandura, A., & McClelland, D. C. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1): Englewood cliffs Prentice Hall.
Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (2007). Habits of the heart, with a new preface: individualism and commitment in American life: Univ of California Press.
Berg JM, Grant AM, Johnson V. (2010). When callings are calling: Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings. Organization Science, 21(5), 973–994.
Birkinshaw, J. (2001). Strategies for managing internal competition. California Management Review, 44(1), 21-38.
Bothner, M. S., Kang, J.-h., & Stuart, T. E. (2007). Competitive crowding and risk taking in a tournament: Evidence from NASCAR racing. Administrative science quarterly, 52(2), 208-247.
Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum Jr, J. W. (1998). Effects of trait competitiveness and perceived intraorganizational competition on salesperson goal setting and performance. In Journal of Marketing (Vol. 62, pp. 88-98).
Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2009). The call of the wild: Zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. In Administrative science quarterly (Vol. 54, pp. 32-57).
Burt, M. (1992). The justification for applying the effective-mass approximation to microstructures. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 4(32), 6651.
Campbell, J. , 1990, “ Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organization psychology. Chicago”, Consulting Psychologists press.
Carroll, B., & Tomas, S. (1995). Team competition spurs continuous improvement at Motorola. National Productivity Review, 14(4), 1-9.
Davidson, J. C., & Caddell, D. P. (1994). Religion and the meaning of work. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 135-147.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. In Journal of research in personality (Vol. 19, pp. 109-134).
Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice. The counseling psychologist, 37(3), 424-450.
Dohmen, T., & Falk, A. (2011). Performance pay and multidimensional sorting: Productivity, preferences, and gender. American economic review, 101(2), 556-590.
Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Sunde, U., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Individual risk attitudes: Measurement, determinants, and behavioral consequences. Journal of the european economic association, 9(3), 522-550.
Duffy, R. D., Dik, B. J., Douglass, R. P., England, J. W., & Velez, B. L. (2018). Work as a calling: A theoretical model. In Journal of counseling psychology (Vol. 65, pp. 423).
Duffy, R. D., Foley, P. F., Raque-Bodgan, T. L., Reid-Marks, L., Dik, B. J., Castano, M. C., & Adams, C. M. (2012). Counseling psychologists who view their careers as a calling: A qualitative study. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 293-308.
Duffy R D, Sedlacek WE. (2007). The presence of and search for a calling: Connections to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 590–601. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.03.007
Eitzel, M. V., Cappadonna, J. L., Santos-Lang, C., Duerr, R. E., Virapongse, A., West, S. E., . . . Sforzi, A. (2017). Citizen science terminology matters: Exploring key terms. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 2(1).
Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C., & McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior. In Journal of Vocational Behavior (Vol. 76, pp. 428-440).
Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (2001). Private gain, social strain: Do relationship factors shape responses to outperformance? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(5), 593-607.
Gibson, B., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2004). Optimism, pessimism, and gambling: The downside of optimism. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 30(2), 149-160.
Gillham, J. E., Shatté, A. J., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M. E. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and explanatory style.
Goodhue, D. L., & Thompson, R. L. (1995). Task-technology fit and individual performance. MIS quarterly, 213-236.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Relational job design and the motivation to make a prosocial difference. In Academy of management review (Vol. 32, pp. 393-417).
Hall, D. T., & Chandler, D. E. (2005). Psychological success: When the career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(2), 155-176.
Hardy, L. (1990). A catastrophe model of performance in sport.
Harner, P. (1960). Paul’s conception of calling. In Theology and Life (Vol. 3, pp. 15-21).
Hirschi, A., & Herrmann, A. (2012). Vocational identity achievement as a mediator of presence of calling and life satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 309-321.
Huang, S.-w. (2014). What Contributes to Individual's Sense of Calling in the Organizations.
Ingram, P., & Qingyuan Yue, L. (2008). 6 structure, affect and identity as bases of organizational competition and cooperation. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 275-303.
Kohn, A. (1992). No contest: The case against competition: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Kozlowski, S. W., & Bell, B. S. (2012). Work groups and teams in organizations. Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition, 12.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. NY: Springer.
Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created “social climates”. The Journal of social psychology, 10(2), 269-299.
Luo, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2007). How optimists face skin cancer information: Risk assessment, attention, memory, and behavior. Psychology and health, 22(8), 963-984.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital.
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3-30.
Marino, A. M., & Zabojnik, J. (2004). Internal competition for corporate resources and incentives in teams. RAND Journal of Economics, 710-727.
Masten, A. S., & Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. Handbook of positive psychology, 74, 88.
Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2006). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat: spontaneous expressions of medal winners of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(3), 568.
McPherson, M. (1983). An ecology of affiliation. American Sociological Review, 519-532.
Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., Schatzberg, A. F., Klein, D. N., Thase, M. E., Rush, A. J., . . . Davis, S. M. (1998). Psychosocial functioning before and after treatment with sertraline or imipramine. J Clin Psychiatry, 59(11), 608-619.
Norton, D. L. (1976). Personal destinies: A philosophy of ethical individualism. In (Vol. 404): Princeton University Press.
Peterson C, Park N, Hall N, Seligman M. (2009). Zest and work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 161–172. doi:10.1002/job.584
Raatikainen, R. (1997). Nursing care as a calling. In Journal of advanced nursing (Vol. 25, pp. 1111-1115).
Rabinowitz, S., & Hall, D. T. (1977). Organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 265-288.
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26(4), 419-435.
Robbins, S.P., 1978,” Personnel: The Management of Human Resource”, Exglewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Company.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness: Guilford Publications.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., . . . Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(4), 570.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 240.
Tesser, A., & Collins, J. E. (1988). Emotion in social reflection and comparison situations: intuitive, systematic, and exploratory approaches. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(5), 695.
VandeWalle, D., Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum Jr, J. W. (1999). The influence of goal orientation and self-regulation tactics on sales performance: A longitudinal field test. Journal of applied psychology, 84(2), 249.
Warr, P., & Inceoglu, I. (2012).Job engagement, job satisfaction, and contrasting associations with person–job fit. Journal of occupational health psychology, 17(2), 129.
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People's relations to their work. Journal of research in personality, 31(1), 21-33.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., & Ilies, R. (2012). Everyday working life: Explaining within-person fluctuations in employee well-being. Human relations, 65(9), 1051-1069.
Zhou, H., Peng, J., Wang, D., Kou, L., Chen, F., Ye, M., Liao, S. (2017). Mediating effect of coping styles on the association between psychological capital and psychological distress among Chinese nurses: a cross‐sectional study. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 24(2-3), 114-122.
Zohar, D. (2000).A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of applied psychology, 85(4), 587.