馬來西亞廢棄物管理的不足是當前的主要問題。經濟快速增長以及塑料包裝的使用急劇增加是這方面的主要因素，所以公眾的垃圾分類以及回收意識變得很低。因此，我們應考慮社區居民參與廢塑料管理 (Plastic Waste Management)。社區居民可反映現況並掌握與其他人或組織的互動能力，足以構成分析框架，成爲社區韌性（Community Resilience）的核心。先前研究僅關注社區組織的一般廢物棄管理。因此，鑑於馬來西亞塑料污染的嚴重性，此研究的目地是利用社區韌性理論和社區資本框架 （Community Capitals Framework）來探究本地社區居民對改善與適應廢塑料管理的異質性偏好。此研究應用選擇實驗法 (Choice Experiment) 以及創建四種屬性（對廢塑料管理環境影響的感知、重組廢塑料管理的能力、應對廢塑料管理的能力、對準備廢塑料政策執行的興趣）。這項研究的結果表明：（1）零廢物生活工作坊，居民協會 (Resident Association) 合作來重組廢塑料管理，讓居民協會和廢塑料回收公司協辦本地的環保運動，並且在學校、宗教中心以及政府機構實施一次性塑料禁令政策可以加強吉隆坡的廢塑料管理； (2) 華裔居民，廢塑料對環境影響表示擔憂的居民以及對廢塑料管理現況感到不滿意的居民，他們都支持以上的替代方案。 (3) 此研究設計了四種未來假設情境作為管理策略的指導方針。韌性廢棄物管理社區是居民納入最多的方案（4.28 小時/週/人），接下來是社區行動主義（3.52 小時/週/人），廢塑聯盟（2.98 小時/週/人）和社會參與（1.20 小時/週/人）。此研究可提供有利方案給予廢塑料管理的未來策略。

Insufficient waste management system (WMS) in Malaysia is a current major problem. Rapid economic growth and dramatic rise of single-use plastic product consumption are the main factors in this matter. Besides, plastic waste segregation and recycling awareness is low among public. Therefore, community engagement in plastic waste management (PWM) should be considered. The capability to reflect the situation and to master the situation via interaction with other person and organizations form the framework of analysis as a core of community resilience (CR). We aim to apply CR and community capital framework to have an extensive understanding on the heterogeneity of preferences on adopting resilient PWM. Four attributes (perception of plastic environmental impacts, ability to restructure PWM, ability to cope with PWM, interest in preparing for plastic policy enforcement) are created and applied in Choice Experiment method along with socioeconomic variables. The results show that (1) Respondents prefer to attend zero waste lifestyle workshop, prefer to participate in resident association (RA) collaboration for PWM restructure, prefer the include RA and plastic recycling companies in environmental campaign along with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government, also, prefer the implementation of no single-use plastic policy in academic, religion and government sectors; (2) Chinese respondents who has a high tendency of worrying about plastic waste in the environment and feeling highly unsatisfied with the PWM services support alternative situations. (3) Four hypothetical scenarios are designed as guidelines for the future management strategies whereas Resilient waste management community is the most preferred scenario by respondents (4.28 hours/week/person), followed by Community Activism (3.52 hours/week/person), Plastic Waste Coalition (2.98 hours/week/person), and Community Engagement (1.20 hours/week/person). This study generates useful information by displaying potential PWM strategies in the city for future guidelines.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA 5
2.2 MALAYSIA’S CURRENT REGULATIONS AND POLICY 7
2.3 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 9
2.4 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE 11
2.5 COMMUNITY CAPITAL 12
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 13
3.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL THINKING 13
3.2 STUDY AREA 15
3.3 CHOICE EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT 16
3.4 ATTRIBUTE DESIGN 17
3.4.1 Perception of plastic environmental impacts 20
3.4.2 The ability to restructure plastic waste management 20
3.4.3 The ability to cope with plastic waste mitigation 20
3.4.4 The interest in preparing for plastic policy enforcement 21
3.4.5 Willingness to Participate 21
3.5 QUESTIONNAIRE AND SURVEY DESIGN 21
3.6 PREFERENCE MODELS 23
3.7 HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIOS FOR FUTURE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 25
3.8 SAMPLING METHOD AND DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS 26
3.9 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 29
3.9.1 Respondents’ social backgrounds 29
3.9.2 Respondents’ environmental awareness, behaviour, and knowledge 32
Chapter 4 RESULTS 35
4.1 ESTIMATING LOCAL’S PREFERENCE 35
4.2 WELFARE ANALYSIS 37
4.3 EFFECTS OF PREFERENCE HETEROGENEITY 39
4.3.1 Market segments of the attributes 39
4.3.2 Latent class model analysis 41
4.4 WELFARE ESTIMATION UNDER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN PWM 43
Chapter 5 DISCUSSIONS 45
5.1 ROLE OF ETHNICITY IN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT 45
5.2 ROLE OF TRAINING WORKSHOP IN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT 46
5.3 SINGLE-USED PLASTICS BAN IMPLEMENTATION 47
5.4 ROLE OF RESIDENT ASSOCIATIONS IN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT 48
Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49
REFERENCES 51
APPENDIX 57
APPENDIX I – Semi-structured interview questions template 58
APPENDIX II – Pre-test Questionnaire Template 60
APPENDIX III – Formal Questionnaire Template 62
APPENDIX IV – Removal of 25 alternatives to become 16 alternatives 66
APPENDIX V – Versions with Choice Set Allocation 67
APPENDIX VI – Enumerator conduct on-site questionnaire survey 68

Afroz, R., & Masud, M. M. (2011). Using a contingent valuation approach for improved solid waste management facility: evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Waste Manag, 31(4), 800-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.028
Agamuthu, P., & Victor, D. (2011). Policy evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia.
Ahmed, R., Seedat, M., Van Niekerk, A., & Bulbulia, S. (2004). Discerning community resilience in disadvantaged communities in the context of violence and injury prevention. South African Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 386-408.
Almazán-Casali, S., Alfaro, J. F., & Sikra, S. (2019). Exploring household willingness to participate in solid waste collection services in Liberia. Habitat International, 84, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.01.001
Aslin, H., & Brown, V. (2004). Towards whole of community engagement: A practical toolkit. Murray-Darling Basin Commission.
Bergmann, A., Hanley, N., & Wright, R. (2006). Valuing the attributes of renewable energy investments. Energy Policy, 34(9), 1004-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.035
Bernama. (2019, 26 November 2019). Malaysian plastic manufactures, recyclers want stronger enforcement on waste disposal. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/11/26/malaysian-plastic-manufactures-recyclers-want-stronger-enforcement-on-waste/1813555
Bourguignon, D. (2017). Plastics In A Circular Economy: Opportunities And Challenges. European Parliamentary Research Service Blog. https://epthinktank.eu/2017/05/18/plastics-in-a-circular-economy-opportunities-and-challenges/
Boxall, P. C., & Adamowicz, W. L. (2002). Understanding Heterogeneous Preferences in Random Utility Models: A Latent Class Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 23, 421-446.
Boxall, P. C., Adamowicz, W. L., Swait, J., Williams, M., & Louviere, J. (1996). A comparison of stated preference methods for environmental valuation. Ecological Economics, 18(3), 243-253.
Bujosa, A., Riera, A., & Hicks, R. L. (2010). Combining Discrete and Continuous Representations of Preference Heterogeneity: A Latent Class Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 47(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9389-y
Cavaye, J. (2004). Governance and community engagement: The Australian experience. Routledge.
Cavaye, J., & Ross, H. (2019). Community resilience and community development: What mutual opportunities arise from interactions between the two concepts? Community development, 50(2), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2019.1572634
CDC. (1997). Principles of community engagement (Vol. 13). National Institute of Health. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/communityengagement/pdf/PCE_Report_508_FINAL.pdf
Champ, P. A., Boyle, K. J., & Brown, T. C. (2003). A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation (Vol. 3). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0826-6_4
Chen, H. L., Nath, T. K., Chong, S., Foo, V., Gibbins, C., & Lechner, A. M. (2021). The plastic waste problem in Malaysia: management, recycling and disposal of local and global plastic waste. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04234-y
Choudhury, M., & Haque, C. E. (2016). “We are more scared of the power elites than the floods”: Adaptive capacity and resilience of wetland community to flash flood disasters in Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 145-158.
Christmann, G. B., & Ibert, O. (2012). Vulnerability and resilience in a socio-spatial perspective. Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70(4), 259-272.
Colten, C. E., Hay, J., & Giancarlo, A. (2012). Community Resilience and Oil Spills in Coastal Louisiana. Ecology and Society, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-05047-170305
Cornwall, A. (2008). Unpacking ‘Participation’: models, meanings and practices. Community development 43(3), 269-283.
Czajkowski, M., Kądziela, T., & Hanley, N. (2014). We want to sort! Assessing households’ preferences for sorting waste. Resource and Energy Economics, 36(1), 290-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.05.006
De Marchi, E., Pigliafreddo, S., Banterle, A., Parolini, M., & Cavaliere, A. (2020). Plastic packaging goes sustainable: An analysis of consumer preferences for plastic water bottles. Environmental Science & Policy, 114, 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.08.014
Eddy, K. V., & Finigan, A. A. (2014). Municipal Recycling In Waterville: A Choice Experiment. Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics at Colby, 1(01), 166.
Ferreira, S., & Marques, R. C. (2015). Contingent valuation method applied to waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 99, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.02.013
Fiksel, J., Sanjay, P., & Raman, K. (2020). Steps toward a resilient circular economy in India. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 1-16.
Flora, C. B., Flora, J. L., & Gasteyer, S. P. (2016). Rural communities: Legacy+ change. Westview Press.
GESB. (2011). A Study on Plactis Management in Peninsular Malaysia. GESB. https://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/resources/index/user_1/Sumber_Rujukan/kajian/JPSPN%20Plastic%20Study%20-%20Final%20Report%20GESB%20-%20Softcopy%20English%20Ed2.pdf
Godfrey, L. (2019). Waste Plastic, the Challenge Facing Developing Countries—Ban It, Change It, Collect It? Recycling, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010003
Gómez-Baggethun, E., Reyes-García, V., Olsson, P., & Montes, C. (2012). Traditional ecological knowledge and community resilience to environmental extremes: A case study in Doñana, SW Spain. Global Environmental Change, 22(3), 640-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.02.005
Gradus, R. H. J. M., Nillesen, P. H. L., Dijkgraaf, E., & van Koppen, R. J. (2017). A Cost-effectiveness Analysis for Incineration or Recycling of Dutch Household Plastic Waste. Ecological Economics, 135, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.021
Greenpeace. (2018). The Recycling Myth: Malaysia and the Broken Global Recycling System. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/southeastasia/publication/549/the-recycling-myth/
Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, C. (2018). Examining the relationship between social capital and community residents' perceived resilience in tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 973-986. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1428335
Gupta, N., Petropoulos, Z. E., Mudd, A. B., Nek, R., & Tinkle, S. S. (2016). Case Studies of Community Resilience Policy. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.Gcr.16-002
Hamilton, L. A., & Feit, S. (2019). Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet. C. f. I. E. Law.
Hensher, D. A., Rose, J. M., Rose, J. M., & Greene, W. H. (2005). Applied choice analysis: a primer. Cambridge university press.
Ismail, Y., & Sidjabat, F. M. (2019). Community Empowerment in Household Waste Management Journal of Community Engagement, 1(1).
Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining Sample Size [Fact Sheet PEOD-6,]. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development.
Jin, J., Wang, Z., & Ran, S. (2006). Comparison of contingent valuation and choice experiment in solid waste management programs in Macao. Ecological Economics, 57(3), 430-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.020
Jin, J., Wang, Z., & Ran, S. (2006). Estimating the public preferences for solid waste management programmes using choice experiments in Macao. Waste Manag Res, 24(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X06064977
Johnson, B. (2013). Zero waste home: the ultimate guide to simplifying your life by reducing your waste. Simon and Schuster.
Joseph, K. (2006). Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management. Habitat International, 30(4), 863-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.009
JPSPN. (2013). Survey on Solid Waste Composition, Characteristics & Existing Practice of Solid Waste Recycling in Malaysia.
Juutinen, A., Mitani, Y., Mäntymaa, E., Shoji, Y., Siikamäki, P., & Svento, R. (2011). Combining ecological and recreational aspects in national park management: A choice experiment application. Ecological Economics, 70(6), 1231-1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.02.006
Kais, S. M., & Islam, M. S. (2016). Community Capitals as Community Resilience to Climate Change: Conceptual Connections. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121211
Kinghorn, N., & Willis, K. (2008). Valuing the components of an archaeological site: An application of Choice Experiment to Vindolanda, Hadrian's Wall. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(2), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.05.006
Klaiman, K., Ortega, D. L., & Garnache, C. (2017). Perceived barriers to food packaging recycling: Evidence from a choice experiment of US consumers. Food Control, 73, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.017
Kubota, R., Horita, M., & Tasaki, T. (2020). Integration of community-based waste bank programs with the municipal solid-waste-management policy in Makassar, Indonesia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(3), 928-937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-00969-9
Kuir-Ayius, D. D. (2016). Building community resilience in mine impacted communities: a study on delivery of health services in Papua New Guinea. Massey University.
Landon-Lane, M. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in marine plastic debris governance. Marine pollution bulletin, 127, 310-319.
Lee, C.-H., & Wang, C.-H. (2017). Estimating Residents’ Preferences of the Land Use Program Surrounding Forest Park, Taiwan. Sustainability, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040598
Lin, Y.-H., Hong, C.-F., Lee, C.-H., & Chen, C.-C. (2020). Integrating Aspects of Ecosystem Dimensions into Sorghum and Wheat Production Areas in Kinmen, Taiwan. Land use policy, 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104965
Magis, K. (2010). Community Resilience: An Indicator of Social Sustainability. Society & Natural Resources, 23(5), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920903305674
Marshall, N. A., & Marshall, P. A. (2007). Conceptualizing and operationalizing social resilience within commercial fisheries in northern Australia. Ecology and Society, 12(1).
McNicholas, G., & Cotton, M. (2019). Stakeholder perceptions of marine plastic waste management in the United Kingdom. Ecological Economics, 163, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.04.022
Meen-Chee, H., & Narayanan, S. (2006). Restoring the Shine to a Pearl: Recycling Behaviour in Penang, Malaysia. Development and Change, 37(5), 1117-1136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00515.x
MESTECC. (2018). Malaysia Roadmap Towards Zero Single Use Plastics 2018-2030.
Moh, Y., & Abd Manaf, L. (2017). Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 116, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.012
Mohamad, Z. F., Idris, N., Baharuddin, A., Muhammad, A., & Nik Sulaiman, N. M. (2012). The role of religious community in recycling: Empirical insights from Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.020
Mohd Ahnuar, E., Yusof, K., Ismail, F., Yunus, J., Kasmuni, N., Ramele@Ramli, R., Omar, M., Jabar, I., Mustaffa, H., Mohd Nordin, R., Yunus, J., & Abdul Rahman, N. A. (2019). Community Participation and Performance of Waste Segregation Program in Malacca: Towards Sustainable Waste Management. MATEC Web of Conferences, 266. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926602003
Moore, T., McDonald, M., McHugh-Dillon, H., & West, S. (2016). Community engagement: A key strategy for improving outcomes for Australian families. Child Family Community Australia: Information Exchange, 39, 1-25.
MPMA. (2019). Plastics and The Environment Recycling Handbook. MPMA. http://mpma.org.my/v4/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Recycling-BookExxonMobil.pdf
Nakatani, J., Aramaki, T., & Hanaki, K. (2008). Evaluating source separation of plastic waste using conjoint analysis. Waste Manag, 28(11), 2393-2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.11.010
NSWMD. (2015). Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal dan Pembersihan Awam [Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing]. National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD). Retrieved 21st May from https://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/106
O'Mara-Eves, A., Brunton, G., McDaid, G., Oliver, S., Kavanagh, J., Jamal, F., Matosevic, T., Harden, A., & Thomas, J. (2013). Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic analysis. Public Health Research, 1(4).
OECD. (2018). Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264085169-en
Ong, S. (2019, 2nd October 2019). New plastic recycling policy to boost economy. The Malaysian Reserve. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/10/02/new-plastic-recycling-policy-to-boost-economy/
Papageorgiou, M. (2006). Public community partnerships for waste collection in three Indian cities, an exercise in world making–best student essays of 2005–06. Inst. Soc. Studies, 24, 104-117.
Parent, M., Plangger, K., & Bal, A. (2011). The new WTP: Willingness to participate. Business Horizons, 54(3), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.003
Parker, L. (2018). We made plastic. We depend on it. Now we're drowning in it. . National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis
Pek, C. K., & Jamal, O. (2011). A choice experiment analysis for solid waste disposal option: a case study in Malaysia. J Environ Manage, 92(11), 2993-3001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.013
Poh, M., Kamarulzaman, S., & Wong, D. (2020). Zero Waste Malaysia: Annual Report 2020. https://zerowastemalaysia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ZERO_WASTE_2020_ANNUAL_REPORT.pdf
Pradhan, M., & Qing, X. (2018). Building resilience through disaster waste management—UN Environment’s experiences and approaches. http://jsuese.cnjournals.com/html/2018/3/201800432.html
Prasetiyo, W. H., Kamarudin, K. R., & Dewantara, J. A. (2019). Surabaya green and clean: Protecting urban environment through civic engagement community. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(8), 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1642821
Ragaert, K., Delva, L., & Van Geem, K. (2017). Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manag, 69, 24-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044
Rai, R. K., Bhattarai, D., & Neupane, S. (2019). Designing solid waste collection strategy in small municipalities of developing countries using choice experiment. Journal of Urban Management, 8(3), 386-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.12.008
Razali, F., Choong, W. W., Daud, D. Z., & Chin, H. C. (2017). Acceptance of Waste Separation at Source Practice among Households: A Literature Review. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, 11. http://www.utm.my/intrest/files/2017/05/14-ACCEPTANCE-OF-WASTE-SEPARATION-AT-SOURCE-PRACTICE-AMONG-HOUSEHOLDS-A-LITERATURE-REVIEW-3.pdf
Ross, H., Baldwin, C., & Carter, R. W. (2016). Subtle implications: public participation versus community engagement in environmental decision-making. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 23(2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2016.1194588
Salleh, N., Zainudin, A. Z., & Yunus, N. M. (2017). Importance of Residents' Associations in Guarded Neighbourhoods: A Review. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, 11(2). https://www.utm.my/intrest/files/2017/09/05-IMPORTANCE-OF-RESIDENTS%E2%80%99-ASSOCIATIONS-IN-GUARDED-NEIGHBOURHOODS-A-REVIEW.pdf
Sharuddin, S. D. A., Abnisa, F., Daud, W. M. A. W., & Aroua, M. K. (2016). A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy Conversion and Management, 115, 308-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037
Sinthumule, N., & Mkumbuzi, S. (2019). Participation in Community-Based Solid Waste Management in Nkulumane Suburb, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Resources, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010030
Skerratt, S. (2013). Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience: Evidence from community land ownership. Journal of Rural Studies, 31, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.02.003
Smith, J. W., Moore, R. L., Anderson, D. H., & Siderelis, C. (2012). Community Resilience in Southern Appalachia: A Theoretical Framework and Three Case Studies. Human Ecology, 40(3), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9470-y
Sriarkarin, S., & Lee, C.-H. (2018). Integrating multiple attributes for sustainable development in a national park. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.007
Stone, M. T., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2017). Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism and community livelihoods dynamics: spiraling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1349774
Tran, B. Y. (2019). Zero Waste Lifestyle Tampere University]. Tampere University of Applied Sciences. https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/261946
TzuChi. (2021). Mission of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 8th Apr from https://www.tzuchi.my/en/about-us/tzuchi-malaysia/our-work
Van Cauwenberghe, L., & Janssen, C. R. (2014). Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption. Environmental pollution, 193, 65-70.
Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Cornell, S. E., & Fabres, J. (2018). Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle. Marine Policy, 96, 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.035
Vojáček, O., & Pecáková, I. (2010). Comparison of Discrete Choice Models for Economic Environmental Research. Prague Economic Papers, 19(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.363
Wang, W., Themelis, N. J., Sun, K., Bourtsalas, A. C., Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Z. (2019). Current influence of China’s ban on plastic waste imports. Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 1(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-019-00005-z
WEF. (2016). The New Plastics Economy — Rethinking the future of plastics. E. M. F. a. M. Company. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/The-New-Plastics-Economy-Rethinking-the-Future-of-Plastics.pdf
Wilson, G. A. (2013). Community resilience, policy corridors and the policy challenge. Land use policy, 31, 298-310.
WWF. (2019). Legal Framework Study of Extended Producer Responsibility WWF. https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?356332/Extended-Producer-Responsibility-Project
WWF. (2020a). Plastic Packaging in Southeast Asia and China. WWF. https://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/wwf_plastic_packaging_in_se_asia_2020_v8_0214_final_.pdf
WWF. (2020b). Study on the EPR scheme assessment for packaging waste in malaysia (Status Quo of Waste Management System and Plastic Packaging Material Flows in Malaysia, Issue. https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?356332/Extended-Producer-Responsibility-Project
Yong, Bashir, Ng, Sethupathi, Lim, & Show. (2019). Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Development in Malaysia: Appraisal of Environmental, Financial, and Public Issues Related with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste. Processes, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100676
Zautra, A., Hall, J., & Murray, K. (2008). Community Development and Community Resilience: An Integrative Approach. Community development, 39(3), 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330809489673
Zia, H., & Devadas, V. (2007). Municipal solid waste management in Kanpur, India: obstacles and prospects. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal.
Zong, C., Cheng, K., Lee, C.-H., & Hsu, N.-L. (2017). Capturing Tourists’ Preferences for the Management of Community-Based Ecotourism in a Forest Park. Sustainability, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091673