塑膠微纖維是海洋環境中最豐富污染物之一，已普遍地被多種海洋生物所攝入，但生物所攝入的微纖維不全然是塑膠所製成，普遍存在環境中的天然纖維也廣泛地被生物攝入，但在探討纖維對於海洋環境可能有害污染時往往會忽略天然纖維所造成的風險。本實驗使用聚酯纖維(PET)以及天然棉纖維作為材料，以全球廣泛養殖物種且居住於沿海塑膠污染熱點地區的中南美白對蝦（白蝦，Litopenaeus vannamei）做為實驗物種，評估兩種纖維對白蝦所造成有害風險差異。急性暴露微纖維後，在36小時淨化時間中透過排遺收集回收攝入之纖維，連續收集 24小時後純棉纖維排出率已高於塑膠纖維，36小時後兩者纖維排出率皆高達98%，但在腸胃道的殘留量塑膠纖維大於純棉纖維。純棉纖維總攝入量與白蝦體重間有正相關性，在塑膠纖維則無此相關性，可能具有選擇性避免攝入。本實驗用纖維不受白蝦消化道機制所影響，經消化後纖維物理形態不改變，且纖維長度不影響纖維排出所需時間。急性暴露微纖維下，12小時淨化時間後白蝦已將鰓中纖維幾乎完全排出。長期暴露7天下，兩種纖維在白蝦的腸、胃、鰓的累積皆不會隨暴露時間增加而上升。行為實驗中，急性暴露下高濃度塑膠纖維(20000根/L)傾向減少泳動行為，高濃度天然纖維則增加泳動行為；長期暴露於低濃度(200根/L)及高濃度(20000根/L)天然纖維使最高泳速下降。綜觀研究結果，白蝦對兩種纖維做出相異的攝食策略以及不同的排出率，兩種纖維雖不會累積在白蝦體內，但皆造成泳動行為改變等亞致死效應，純棉纖維表現出與塑膠纖維不同模式的生物毒性，若評估微纖維對環境危害風險時，應將天然纖維視為污染物。

Microplastics are one of the most abundant and persistent contaminants in the marine environment, which are commonly ingested by marine organisms. However, the microfibers ingested are not all made of plastic. Natural fibers are ubiquitous in the environment and are also easily ingested by organisms. However, when discussing the pollution of fibers to the marine environment, the harm caused by natural fibers is often ignored. There is a lack of literature comparing the effects of ingestion of microplastic fibers and natural microfibers on marine life. This study will expose Litopenaeus vannamei, which are widely farmed worldwide and also living in coastal hot spots of plastic pollution, to either polyester or natural cotton fibers. After a short-term exposure to microfibers, the feces were collected in a 36-hr depuration period to retrieve the ingested fibers. After 24 hours of continuous collection, the discharge rate of cotton fiber was higher than that of plastic fiber. After 36 hours the discharge rate of both type of microfibers was as high as 98%, but the amount of residual fibers in the digestive tract was higher in the plastic group. In addition, it was also found that there was a positive correlation between the intake of cotton fibers and the weight of white shrimp. However, there was no such correlation for plastic fibers, suggesting a selective avoidance of ingesting plastic fibers by the shrimp. The fibers used in this experiment were not affected by the mechanism of the digestive tract of white shrimp. The physical form of the fibers did not change after digestion, and the fiber length did not affect the time required for excretion. After a short-term exposure to microfibers, the white shrimp had almost completely excreted the fibers from the gills in the 12-hr depuration period. After a long-term exposure for 7 days, the accumulation of the two types of fiber in the foregut, mid-hindgut, and gills of the white shrimp did not increase with the increase of exposure time. In the behavioral experiment, acute exposure to high-concentration plastic fibers (20,000 fibers/L) reduced swimming activity, while high concentration of cotton fibers increased swimming activity. Long-term exposure to low-concentration (200 fibers/L) and high-concentration (20,000 fibers/L) cotton fibers both decreased the maximum swimming speed. Our results show that although the two types of fiber did not accumulate in the white shrimp, they did cause sublethal effects such as changes in swimming behavior. Cotton fibers exhibit a different pattern of biotoxicity than plastic fibers, and natural fibers should be considered as contaminants when assessing the risk of microfibers to the environment.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
第一章 前言 1
1.1 海洋中塑膠纖維污染 1
1.2 海洋中天然纖維污染 3
1.3 甲殼類生物攝入微纖維 6
1.3.1 塑膠纖維 6
1.3.2 天然纖維 8
1.4 生態毒理行為學 9
1.5 實驗物種 10
1.6 實驗目標 11
第二章 研究材料與方法 13
2.1 實驗動物 13
2.2 微纖維前處理 14
2.2.1 塑膠微纖維製備 14
2.2.2 天然微纖維製備 14
2.3 纖維形質分析 15
2.3.1 纖維材質鑑定 15
2.3.2 纖維表面微細構造觀察 15
2.3.3 纖維計數 15
2.3.4 纖維長度 16
2.4 微纖維暴露實驗 17
2.4.1 微纖維於消化道排出時間及情形(Exp. I) 17
2.4.2 急性暴露後體內各部位微纖維累積情形 (Exp. II) 18
2.4.3 長期暴露後體內各部位微纖維累積情形 (Exp. III) 21
2.4.4 長期暴露後行為影響 (Exp. IV) 21
2.5 生物體解剖 25
2.6 生物體樣本消化及過濾 26
2.7 污染控制 27
2.8 統計分析 28
第三章 結果 29
3.1 實驗生物 29
3.2 纖維性質 30
3.2.1 塑膠PET纖維 30
3.2.2 天然純棉纖維 34
3.3 攝入纖維數與體重間相關性分析(Exp. I) 38
3.3.2 塑膠PET纖維 40
3.3.3 天然純棉纖維 42
3.4 急性暴露下消化道中纖維排出情形(Exp. I) 44
3.5 急性暴露後消化道纖維滯留情形(Exp. I) 46
3.6 排遺中纖維形質(Exp. I) 48
3.7 急性暴露後鰓中纖維排出情形(Exp. II) 51
3.8 長期暴露後體內纖維累積量(Exp. III) 53
3.9 泳動行為分析(Exp. IV) 55
第四章 討論 57
4.1 白蝦習性及存活率 57
4.2 白蝦對於微纖維的攝食行為 59
4.3 微纖維排出 62
4.3.1 消化道 62
4.3.2 鰓 64
4.4 長期暴露 66
4.4.1 累積情形 66
4.4.2 行為分析 67
第五章 結論與未來展望 71
參考文獻 73

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