在養殖仔稚魚時，為了提高養殖池中浮游植物的數量及生長，進而提高浮游動物的數量以作為仔稚魚的食物來源，在養殖水體中以營養鹽施肥是水產養殖業常見的做法。本研究使用化工的無機營養鹽及市售的無機肥料–花寶5號施肥飼養二種海水神仙魚類仔魚﹝淡斑荷包魚(Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus)與福氏刺尻魚(Centropyge vrolikii)﹞，探討比較其對仔魚的生長及存活的影響。實驗共進行2次，分3組，各組三重複：控制組(control treatment)、無機施肥組(inorganic fertilization treatment)及花寶施肥組(HYPONeX fertilization treatment)，控制組不施加營養鹽，直接投餵餌料生物；無機營養鹽施肥組第一次實驗將無機營養鹽:氮、磷、鐵及矽濃度控制在700、100、100及1500 μg L-1；第二次實驗則將濃度控制在1400、200、100及1500 μg L-1。花寶施肥組添加花寶5號，第一次實驗將氮濃度控制在700 μg L-1；第二次實驗則將濃度控制在1400 μg L-1。於實驗第6~8天放受精卵，實驗期間每日紀錄水質、營養鹽濃度、活體葉綠素a濃度(total、25~75 µm、< 25 µm)、浮游植物(25~75 µm、0.45 ~ 25 µm)及浮游動物(> 75 µm、25~75 µm)的種類比例密度，並於仔魚首次攝食時測量仔魚的口徑，在仔魚孵化後第十四天(14 dph)時計算活存率及成長並結束實驗。實驗前試驗不同溫度(23°C及27°C)下藻類及浮游動物之生長情況，以確定放入魚卵的時間。結果顯示，在23 °C時於施肥後第9天放卵；在27 °C時於施肥後第5天放卵，能配合到藻類及浮游動物的生長以提升仔魚活存。無機施肥組與花寶施肥組的活體葉綠素a濃度及浮游動物密度皆顯著高於無施肥的控制組(P < 0.001)。在二次實驗中，僅淡斑荷包魚仔魚存活至14 dph，而福氏刺尻魚仔魚僅存活至7 dph。第一次實驗，無機施肥組及花寶施肥組的仔魚活存率(各為0.31 ± 0.16 %及0.22 ± 0.22 %)與控制組(0.22 ± 0.13 %)並無顯著差異(P > 0.05)，而仔魚成長形質亦沒有顯著的差異。第二次實驗，無機施肥組的仔魚活存率(2.45 ± 0.66 %)顯著高於控制組(0.09 ± 0.09 %)，而花寶施肥組的活存率(1.05 ± 0.53 %)與其他二組並無顯著差異(P < 0.05)，仔魚成長則沒有顯著的差異。本研究結果顯示無機施肥與花寶施肥在藻類及浮游動物的生長有相似的密度及生長曲線，二者皆可滿足淡斑荷包魚仔魚度過首次攝食的需求，能有效提升淡斑荷包魚仔魚的活存率，但對福氏刺尻魚仔魚而言，使用無機施肥或花寶施肥並不是適合的方法。而市售的無機肥料花寶5號，雖能產生較多的小型藻類及纖毛蟲等小型浮游動物的密度，但其成分中含有的的氨態氮，可能導致水中有毒營養鹽濃度逐漸升高使仔魚後期死亡，或許是比較適合養殖纖毛蟲等小口徑魚種首次攝食的餌料生物的養殖方式。

In order to increase the number and growth of phytoplankton and additionally increase the number of zooplankton as a food source for larviculture, fertilizing with nutrients in the culture water is a common practice in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we used chemical inorganic nutrients and commercial inorganic fertilizers: HYPONeX (HYPONeX No. 5) fertilizer to culture larvae of marine angelfishes: Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus and Centropyge vrolikii, which compared effects on growth and survival of larvae. We conducted 2 times experiments, divided into 3 treatments, and all treatment in triplicate: the control treatment, the inorganic fertilization treatment and the HYPONeX fertilization treatment. The control treatment did not apply nutrient salts, and it only added zooplankton. The inorganic fertilization treatment added nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and silicon which concentrations at 700, 100, 100 and 1500 μg L-1 in the first experiment, and 1400, 200, 100 and 1500 μg L-1 in the second experiment, respectively. In the HYPONeX fertilization treatment, HYPONeX No. 5 was added and concentrations the nitrogen level at 700 μg L-1 in the first experiment; and 1400 μg L-1 in the second experiment, respectively.
In addition, we measured water quality, nutrient concentration, in vivo chlorophyll a concentration (total, 25~75 μm, < 25 μm), and the density of phytoplankton (25~75 μm, 0.45 ~ 25 μm) and zooplankton (> 75 µm, 25-75 µm), and the relative abundance of phytoplankton daily during the experiments. The gape height of larvae was measured after first feeding. At the end of the experiment, the 14 days post-hatch (dph), we measured the survival rate and the growth of larvae. Before the experiment, the growth of algae and zooplankton at different temperatures (23°C and 27°C) were test to determine the time for stocking eggs. The results showed that stocking eggs on the 9th day after fertilization at 23 °C and on the 5th day after fertilization at 27 °C can match the growth of algae and zooplankton to improve the survival of larvae. the concentration of in vivo chlorophyll a and the zooplankton density in the inorganic fertilization treatment and the HYPONeX fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those in the control treatment (P < 0.001). In both experiments, only Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus larvae survived to 14 dph, and Centropyge vrolikii larvae only survived to 7 dph. In the first experiment, the survival rate of larvae in the inorganic fertilization treatment and HYPONeX fertilization treatment (0.31 ± 0.16 % and 0.22 ± 0.22 %) did not show a significantly different from the control treatment (0.22 ± 0.13 %) (P > 0.05), and there were also no significant differences in larval growth. In the second experiment, the survival rate of larvae in the inorganic fertilization treatment (2.45 ± 0.66 %) was significantly higher than the control treatment (0.09 ± 0.09 %). In comparison, the survival rate of HYPONeX fertilization treatment (1.05 ± 0.53 %) did not show a significantly different from the other two treatments (P > 0.05), and there were no significant differences in larval growth. The results demonstrated that inorganic fertilization and HYPONeX fertilization had similar densities and growth curves of algae and zooplankton. Both can meet the needs of Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus larvae for the first feeding and improve the survival rate. However, to Centropyge vrolikii, inorganic fertilization or HYPONeX fertilization for rearing larvae were unsuitable. Although the commercial inorganic fertilizers HYPONeX No. 5 had brought more microalgae and small zooplankton density, the ammonium contained in its ingredients gradually increased the concentration of toxic nutrients in the water and caused the larvae to be dead. HYPONeX No. 5 may be more suitable for cultivating small zooplankton, such as ciliates, for feeding small gape larvae species at the first feeding.

摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 VII
圖目錄 XI
第一章 前言 1
1.1海水觀賞魚產業現況 1
1.2海水觀賞魚繁養殖 1
1.3浮性卵仔魚養殖的瓶頸 2
1.4浮游植物 2
1.5浮游動物 3
1.6 綠水養殖 4
1.7無機營養鹽施肥法 5
1.8市售的水產養殖施肥產品 6
1.9實驗物種 7
1.10研究目的 8
第二章 材料與方法 9
2.1實驗設計 9
2.2實驗環境 9
2.3魚卵來源 9
2.4餌料生物培養 10
2.5水質分析 10
2.5.1 水溫 10
2.5.2鹽度 10
2.5.3 溶氧量 11
2.5.4 pH值 11
2.5.5營養鹽測定 11
2.5.5.1硝酸鹽氮 12
2.5.5.2亞硝酸鹽氮 12
2.5.5.3氨態氮 12
2.5.5.4磷酸鹽磷 12
2.5.5.5亞鐵離子 13
2.5.5.6二氧化矽 13
2.6 不同溫度對無機營養鹽施肥法產生之藻類及浮游動物的影響 13
2.6.1葉綠素a測定 14
2.6.2浮游植物種類鑑定與計數 14
2.6.3浮游動物種類鑑定與計數 15
2.7 不同無機營養鹽施肥法對養殖仔魚活存率及成長的影響 15
2.7.1 孵化率計算 16
2.7.2 仔魚活存率計算 16
2.7.3仔魚生長 16
2.7.4 仔魚口徑測定 16
2.8 統計分析 17
第三章 結果 19
3.1 不同溫度對無機營養鹽施肥法產生之藻類及浮游動物的影響 19
3.1.1 水溫 19
3.1.2 鹽度 19
3.1.3 溶氧量 19
3.1.4 pH 20
3.1.5 硝酸鹽氮 20
3.1.6 亞硝酸鹽氮 21
3.1.7 氨態氮 22
3.1.8 磷酸鹽磷 23
3.1.9 二氧化矽 23
3.1.10 亞鐵離子 24
3.1.11 總in vivo Chl a 濃度 25
3.1.12 浮游動物 26
3.2 不同無機營養鹽施肥法對養殖仔魚活存率及成長的影響-N700實驗 26
3.2.1放卵數量及孵化率 26
3.2.2水溫 27
3.2.3 鹽度 27
3.2.4 溶氧量 27
3.2.5 pH 28
3.2.6 硝酸鹽氮 28
3.2.7 亞硝酸鹽氮 29
3.2.8 氨態氮 29
3.2.9 磷酸鹽磷 30
3.2.10 二氧化矽 30
3.2.11 亞鐵離子 31
3.2.12 浮游植物 31
3.2.12.1 總in vivo Chl a 濃度 31
3.2.12.2 25~75 µm in vivo Chl a 濃度 32
3.2.12.3 < 25 µm in vivo Chl a 濃度 33
3.2.12.4 25~75 µm藻種 33
3.2.12.5 0.45~25 µm藻種 34
3.2.13 浮游動物 34
3.2.13.1 > 75 µm浮游動物 34
3.2.13.2 25~75 µm浮游動物 35
3.2.14 仔魚活存率 35
3.2.15 仔魚生長 36
3.3 不同無機營養鹽施肥法對養殖仔魚活存率及成長的影響-N1400實驗 36
3.3.1放卵數量及孵化率 36
3.3.2水溫 36
3.3.3 鹽度 37
3.3.4 溶氧量 37
3.3.5 pH 37
3.3.6 硝酸鹽氮 38
3.3.7 亞硝酸鹽氮 38
3.3.8 氨態氮 39
3.3.9 磷酸鹽磷 39
3.3.10 二氧化矽 40
3.3.11 亞鐵離子 40
3.3.12 浮游植物 41
3.3.12.1 總in vivo Chl a 濃度 41
3.3.12.2 25~75 µm in vivo Chl a 濃度 41
3.3.12.3 < 25 µm in vivo Chl a 濃度 42
3.3.12.4 25~75 µm藻種 42
3.3.12.5 0.45~25 µm藻種 43
3.3.13 浮游動物 44
3.3.13.1 > 75 µm浮游動物 44
3.3.13.2 25~75 µm浮游動物 44
3.3.14 仔魚活存率 44
3.3.15 仔魚生長 45
3.4 仔魚口徑 45
第四章 討論 47
4.1 不同溫度對無機營養鹽施肥法產生之藻類及浮游動物的影響 47
4.1.1不同溫度對藻類的影響 47
4.1.2不同溫度對浮游動物的影響 47
4.1.3 放卵的時機 48
4.2不同無機營養鹽施肥法對養殖仔魚活存率及成長的影響 49
4.2.1養殖水質參數-溶氧量 50
4.2.2 養殖水質參數-pH 51
4.2.3 養殖水質參數-營養鹽 52
4.2.4 浮游植物 55
4.2.5 浮游動物 59
4.2.6仔魚活存率 61
4.2.7 仔魚生長 63
4.2.8仔魚口徑 63
第五章 結論 65
參考文獻 67
附錄 101

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