在西醫傳入中國前，人們都是以中醫來診治病症。中醫主要是依陰陽五行作為基礎理念，並透過「望、聞、問、切」四診互相參照來診斷病症，辨證論治。其中的問診是指醫師向病人提問一系列的問題，得到答覆後，將所有答覆綜合並分析，推敲出該病患有哪些體質。而體質是人體的屬性，不同體質會對於某些疾病有著較高的敏感度，換句話說就是會比其他體質更容易地患得該疾病。此外，其也具有一些相關徵兆，如特定的代謝特徵，因此可以使用體質來指導疾病的治療與預防，從而得到更好的治療效果。但是通常在門診中，往往會因為時間壓力，導致中醫師只能詢問病人一點問題，再搭配其他診斷方法來推猜病因，這很容易導致誤診。倘若提前給病人問診的所有問題，請他們在看診前先填寫，也可能會因表單問題太多，導致病患填寫時感到疲乏、不耐煩，或是忘記自己是否有題目中所描述的狀況，進而亂填，影響看診結果。因此本論文嘗試利用機器學習中，訓練快速且準確度高，分析模式也最接近人類直覺思考的決策樹，搭配中醫體質量表建造一個能快速且精確分析出病人體質的線上系統。此篇論文所使用的中醫體質量表是由中國醫藥大學中醫學院的蘇奕彰教授所提供。一共蒐集了632筆資料，其中，有505筆用於訓練決策樹，其他127筆資料則做為測試資料，並且將原本中醫體質量表中，四種單一體質結果轉換成八種可能發生的多重體質組合結果。此外，也藉由交叉驗證法算出不同最大深度的決策樹之分數，並選擇表現最佳的樹（約62.2%）應用於本論文開發的線上問診系統。該決策樹將原本需答完44題題目才能得到體質結果的中醫體質量表縮短至僅需3題即可知曉病人可能的體質。值得議題的是本系統只需一台可連網裝置與網路即可使用，無跨平台問題。其一方面能協助中醫師看診，另一方面也能讓病患能在家隨時注意自己的身體狀況，達到衛教目的。

People used Chinese medicine to diagnose and treat diseases before Western medicine was introduced to China. Traditional Chinese medicine is mainly based on the doctrine of the yin yang and five elements. Illnesses and treats are diagnosed by the doctors with differentiations of four diagnostics of “seeing, smelling, inquiring, and touching”. Among them, inquiring refers to the doctor asking some questions to the patient and analyzing all the answers which are got from the patient. After that, the doctor determines what body constitutions the patient belongs to. The body constitution is like an attribute of the human body, and each type of body constitution has a different sensitivity to different diseases, which means people who belong to one body constitution may have a different situation than another person. In addition to that, the body constitution shows some signals about the person’s specific metabolic characteristics so that it can be used to guide the treatment and prevention of diseases as well as to obtain better treatment results. However, when there is a time pressure that might happen because too many patients are waiting for the doctor for the treatment, the doctor might misdiagnose easily. One solution to reduce the diagnosis time would be letting the patients answer the Body Constitutions Questionnaire (BCQ). Since there are 44 questions in the BCQ, the patients would feel annoyed to answer all of them correctly, some might answer some questions randomly or they might misunderstand some questions even though they have the symptoms described in the question. This would mislead the doctor and affect the consequence of the diagnosis. Therefore, this thesis attempts to use a decision tree, which is fast training and highly accurate, and the BCQ to build an online system that can quickly and precisely analyze what kind of body constitution the patient belongs to. It is worth mentioning that the decision tree is closest to human intuitive thinking so that we can easily analyze each different outcome. In this thesis, the BCQ was provided by Professor Su Yi-Chang, who is working at the University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan. There are 632 data collected from March 2018 to September 2020 totally, and 505 data were used to train the decision tree, and the others were testing data. The best performance of the decision tree is 62.2% and this system reduces 44 questions to 3 questions to let the patients know their possible body constitutions. The system is deployed to a website so that it does not only assist the doctors for diagnosis, but also make everyone get to know their body situation in their daily life.

致謝 I
摘要 III
ABSTRACT V
目錄 VII
圖次 IX
表次 XIII
第一章 引言 - 1 -
1.1 中醫 - 1 -
1.2 決策樹 - 2 -
1.2.1 特徵選擇 - 2 -
1.2.2 生成樹 - 4 -
1.2.3 剪枝[2]][13] - 4 -
1.3 動機 - 5 -
第二章 研究方法 - 7 -
2.1 蒐集資料 - 7 -
2.2 資料處理與分析 - 8 -
第三章 系統開發 - 13 -
3.1 開發過程 - 13 -
3.2 系統功能 - 14 -
第四章 成果與討論 - 17 -
4.1 網站成品並介紹用途 - 17 -
4.1.1 主畫面 - 17 -
4.1.2 BCQ問卷填寫、分析畫面 - 24 -
4.1.3 操作演示與對應之樹節點(手機版為例) - 32 -
4.1.4 用途 - 36 -
4.2 討論 - 37 -
4.2.1 樹的比較 - 37 -
4.2.2 總結與結論 - 42 -
參考文獻 - 45 -

[1]Leo Breiman, & Jerome Friedman, & Charles J. Stone, & R.A. Olshen. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees (Wadsworth Statistics/Probability). Monterey, CA. ISBN 978-0-412-04841-8.
[2]Quinlan, & J. Ross. (1985, August 1). Induction of Decision Trees. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00116251.pdf
[3]Bogumił Kamiński, & Michał Jakubczyk, & Przemysław Szufel. (2017, May 24). A framework for sensitivity analysis of decision trees. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-017-0479-6
[4]Ji Wang , & Yingshuai Li, & Cheng Ni, & Huimin Zhang, & Lingru Li, & Qi Wang. (2011). Cognition research and constitutional classification in Chinese medicine (vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 651–660). American Journal of Chinese Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11009093
[5]Jun-Dai Lin, & Jui-Shan Lin, & Li-Li Chen, & Chih-Hung Chang, & Yi-Chia Huang, & Yi-Chang Su. (2012, December 22). BCQs: A Body Constitution Questionnaire to assess Stasis in traditional Chinese medicine (vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 379–391). European Journal of Integrative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.05.001
[6]Jun-Dai Lin, &Li-Li Chen, & Jui-Shan Lin, & Chih-Hung Chang, & Yi-Chia Huang, & Yi-Chang Su. (2012, October 18). BCQ-: a body constitution questionnaire to assess Yin-Xu. Part I: establishment of a provisional version through a Delphi process (vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 234-241). Forschende Komplementärmedizin. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343580
[7]Yi-Chang Su, & Li-Li Chen, & Jun-Dai Lin, & Jui-Shan Lin, & Yi-Chia Huang, Jim-Shoung Lai (2008, December 5). BCQ+: A Body Constitution Questionnaire to Assess Yang-Xu (vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 327-334). Forsch Komplementmed. https://doi.org/10.1159/000175938
[8]Wendy Wong, & Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, & Vivian Taam Wong, & Zhi Min Yang, & Eric T. C. Ziea, & Andrew Ka Lun Kwan. (2013, April 24). Validation of the constitution in chinese medicine questionnaire: does the traditional chinese medicine concept of body constitution exist? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/481491
[9]Wendy Wong, & Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, & Yi-Chang Su, & Sunny Jui-Shan Lin, & Eric Tat-Chi Ziea, & Vivian Taam Wong, & Lee Kin Wai, & Andrew Ka Lun Kwand. (2014, August). Measuring body constitution: Validation of the Body Constitution Questionnaire (BCQ) in Hong Kong (vol. 22, Issue 4, pp. 670-682). Complementary Therapies in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.05.009
[10]朱文鋒等(1999)。 中醫診斷學。 北京：人民卫生出版社。
[11]鄧鐵濤等(1999)。 中醫診斷學。 中國：上海科學技術出版社。
[12]洪志全(2012) 。 中醫十件事。取自http://goo.gl/7hWM4
[13]Ryan Lu(2021年4月20日)。 Learning Model : Decision Tree (1)-分類樹. 擷取自 Medium: https://shorturl.at/nuP16
[14]喬雪峰中醫師(2018年8月22日)。 中醫與西醫的同與不同。 擷取自 台灣中醫網: http://www.tcm.tw/articleview.php?id=2691
[15]黎珂（中醫師）(2020年09月08日)。 古中醫「五藏六府」與現代「五臟六腑」之別處. 擷取自 大紀元: https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/20/9/8/n12389252.htm