近年來，由於會計醜聞以及財報舞弊案件層出不窮，導致利害關係人對財務報告的信心受到損害。各國為了解決以往標準式查核報告資訊價值不足的問題，陸續修訂審計準則，要求會計師出具新式查核報告，並揭露關鍵查核事項以提升資訊透明度以及減少資訊不對稱性。本研究根據Demerjian, Lev, and McVay(2012)之衡量方法衡量台灣上市櫃公司2016年至2019年經理人的能力，探討經理人能力是否會影響會計師對於關鍵查核事項的揭露。實證結果發現，經理人的能力越好，會計師會減少關鍵查核事項的揭露。表示能力越好的經理人其公司績效較佳且營運風險較低，會計師也出具較少的關鍵查核事項。而本研究依循Sierra-García, Gambetta, García-Benau and Orta-Pérez (2019)將關鍵查核事項區分為科目層級風險以及整體層級風險進一步探討經理人能力是否也會影響會計師對於不同類型風險之關鍵查核事項的揭露。實證結果顯示經理人能力越好，則會計師會揭露較少整體層級關鍵查核事項。

In recent years, due to accounting scandals and financial report fraud, the confidence of stakeholders in financial reports has been damaged. To solve the problem of insufficient information value in standard audit reports, accountants are required to disclose key audit matters (KAM) to improve information transparency and reduce information asymmetry. The object of this study is to examine whether managerial ability will affect the disclosure of KAM. By using the sample of Taiwan listed companies from 2016 to 2019, the results found that high-ability managers which make the accountant disclose less KAMs. Furthermore, classify key audit matter into account-level risk (ALRKAM) and entity-level risk (ELRKAM) according to Sierra-García, Gambetta, García-Benau, and Orta-Pérez (2019), to examine whether the managerial ability will also affect the disclosure of the different type of KAM. The empirical results show that the higher the managerial ability, the less disclosure of ELRKAM. These results enhance our understanding of the relationship between key audit matters and managerial ability.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
表目錄 IV
第一章、緒論 1
第一節、研究背景 1
第二節、研究目的 2
第三節、研究架構 2
第二章、文獻回顧與假說發展 5
第一節、新式查核報告機制背景 5
第二節、關鍵查核事項相關文獻 6
第三節、經理人能力與相關文獻 8
第四節、假說建立 11
第三章、研究方法 13
第一節、資料來源與樣本篩選 13
第二節、實證模型建立 17
(一)應變數之衡量 18
(二)主要檢測變數之衡量 18
(三)控制變數之衡量 20
第四章、實證結果與分析 25
第一節、敘述性統計 25
第二節、相關係數分析 27
第三節、實證結果 29
第四節、敏感性分析 34
第五章、研究結果與建議 57
第一節、研究結論 57
第二節、研究貢獻 58
第三節、研究限制與後續建議 58
參考文獻 59

徐永堅.(2016). 審計準則公報第五十八號 [查核報告中關鍵查核事項之溝通] 之
內容, 影響與建議. 證券暨期貨月刊, 34(9) , 30-41.

黃劭彥與王惠津.(2020). 獨立董事與關鍵查核事項之關聯性-以臺灣本國銀行為例.會計與公司治理, 15(2), 43-64.

Abbott, L. J., Parker, S., & Peters, G. F. (2004). Audit committee characteristics and restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(1), 69-87.

Andreou, P. C., Ehrlich, D., & Louca, C. (2013). Managerial ability and firm performance: Evidence from the global financial crisis. European Financial Management Association, Annual Conference.

Arya, A., H. Frimor, & B. Mittendorf. (2010). Discretionary disclosure of proprietary information in a multisegment firm. Management Science 56(4): 645-658.

Baik, B., D. Farber, & S. Lee. (2011). CEO ability and management earnings forecasts. Contemporary Accounting Research 28(5): 1645–1668

Baik, B., Brockman, P. A., Farber, D. B., & Lee, S. (2018).
Managerial ability and the quality of firms’ information environment. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 33(4), 506-527.

Baik, B., Choi, S., & Farber, D. B. (2020). Managerial ability and income smoothing. The Accounting Review, 95(4): 1-22.

Bamber, L., J. Jiang, & I. Wang. (2010). What’s my style? The influence of top managers on voluntary corporate financial disclosure. The Accounting Review 85(4): 1131–1162.

Bédard, J., Coram, P., Espahbodi, R., & Mock, T. J. (2016). Does recent academic research support changes to audit reporting standards?. Accounting Horizons, 30(2):255-275.

Bédard, J., Gonthier-Besacier, N. & Schatt, A. (2014). Costs and benefits of reporting key audit matters in the audit report: The French experience. Working paper, Laval University, University of Grenoble and HEC Lausanne.

Berglund, N. R., Herrmann, D. R., & Lawson, B. P. (2018). Managerial ability and the accuracy of the going concern opinion. Accounting and the Public Interest, 18(1):29-52.

Beyer, A., D. A. Cohen, T. Z. Lys, & B. R. Walther. (2010). The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics 50: 296-343.

Bertrand, M., & A. Schoar. (2003). Managing with style: The effect of managers on firm policies. The Quarterly Journal of Economics: 1169–1208.

Brasel, K., M. M. Doxey, J. H. Grenier, & A. Reffett. (2016). Risk disclosure preceding negative outcomes: The effects of reporting critical audit matters on judgments of auditor liability. The Accounting Review 91(5): 1345-1362.

Bonsall IV, S. B., Holzman, E. R., & Miller, B. P. (2017). Managerial ability and credit risk assessment. Management Science, 63(5):1425-1449.

Camacho‐Miñano, M. D. M., Muñoz-Izquierdo, N., Pincus, M., & Wellmeyer, P. (2020). Are key audit matter disclosures useful in assessing financial distress?. Available at SSRN 3744282.

Carcello, J. V. (2012). What do investors want from the standard audit report? CPA Journal 82 (1): 22–28.

Carver, B. T., & Trinkle, B. S. (2017). Nonprofessional Investors’ Reactions to the PCAOB's Proposed Changes to the Standard Audit Report. Available at SSRN 2930375.

Charnes, A., W. Cooper, E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units.European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6): 429–44

Chemmanur, T., & I. Paeglis. (2005). Management quality, certification, and initial public offerings. Journal of Financial Economics 76(2): 331–368.

Chen, V. Y., Keung, E. C., & Lin, I. M. (2019). Disclosure of fair value measurement in goodwill impairment test and audit fees. Available at SSRN 3150146

Choi, W., Han, S., Jung, S. H., & Kang, T. (2015). CEO's operating ability and the association between accruals and future cash flows. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42(5-6):619-634.

Choo, M. R., Wang, C. W., Yin, C., & Li, J. L. (2021). Managerial ability and external financing. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 28(2), 207-241.

Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., & Wolfe, C. J. (2014). Do critical audit matter paragraphs in the audit report change nonprofessional investors' decision to invest? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 33(4):71-93.

Cornaggia, K. J., Krishnan, G. V., & Wang, C. (2017). Managerial ability and credit ratings. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(4), 2094-2122.

Czerney, K., Schmidt, J. J., & Thompson, A. M. (2014). Does auditor explanatory language in unqualified audit reports indicate increased financial misstatement risk? The Accounting Review, 89(6):2115-2149.

De Oliveira Mello, L. C., De Araújo, P. G. L., & De Luca, M. M. M. (2021). Impact of the “new independent auditor’s report” on audit fees. Contabilidade Vista & Revista, 32(1), 183-217.

Deakin, E. B. (1972). A discriminant analysis of predictors of business failure. Journal of accounting research, 167-179.

Demerjian, P., B. Lev, & S. McVay. (2012). Quantifying managerial ability: A new measure and validity tests. Management Science 58(7): 1229–1248.

Demerjian, P., B. Lev, M. Lewis, & S. McVay. (2013). Managerial ability and earnings quality. The Accounting Review 88(2): 463–498.

Demerjian, P., Lewis-Western, M., & McVay, S. (2020). How does intentional earnings smoothing vary with managerial ability?. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 35(2), 406-437.

Dobija, D., Cieślak, I., & Iwuć, K. (2013). Extended audit reporting-An insight from the auditing profession in Poland. Available at SSRN 2215605.

Dutta, S., & Trueman, B. (2002). The interpretation of information and corporate disclosure strategies. Review of Accounting Studies, 7(1):75-96.

Francis, J. R., & D. Wang. (2008). The joint effect of investor protection and big 4 audit on earnings quality around the world. Contemporary Accounting Research 25(1): 157-191.

Francis, J., Huang, A., Rajgopal, S., & Zang, A. (2008). CEO ability and earnings quality. Contemporary Accounting Research, 25, 109-147.

Fu, Q., & Liao, Y. H. (2019). Information asymmetry, audit independence and kam disclosure-evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Management & Decision Sciences, 2(2):1-27.

García-Meca, E., & García-Sánchez, I. M. (2018). Does managerial ability influence the quality of financial reporting?. European Management Journal, 36(4), 544-557.

Ge, W., D. Matsumoto, & J. Zhang. (2011). Do CFOs have style? An empirical investigation of the effect of individual CFOs on accounting practices. Contemporary Accounting Research 28(4): 1141–1179.

Gimbar, C., Hansen, B., & Ozlanski, M. E. (2016). The effects of critical audit matter paragraphs and accounting standard precision on auditor liability. The Accounting Review, 91(6):1629–1646.

Gray, G. L., Turner, J. L., Coram, P. J., & Mock, T. J. (2011). Perceptions and misperceptions regarding the unqualified auditor's report by financial statement preparers, users, and auditors. Accounting Horizons, 25(4): 659-684.

Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic econometrics.

Gul, F. A., Khedmati, M., Lim, E. K., & Navissi, F. (2018). Managerial ability, financial distress, and audit fees. Accounting Horizons, 32(1), 29-51.

Gutierrez, E. F., M. Minutti-Meza, K. W. Tatum, & M. Vulcheva. (2016).Consequences of changing the auditor's report: Evidence from the U.K. Available at SSRN 2741174.

Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of management review, 9(2):193-206.

Hay, D. C., Knechel, R. W., & Wong, N. (2006). Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 23(1)

Kachelmeier, S. J., Rimkus, D., Schmidt, J. J., & Valentine, K. (2020). The forewarning effect of critical audit matter disclosures involving measurement uncertainty. Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(4):2186-2212.

Kim, J. H., & Im, C. C. (2017). The Study On The Effect And Determinants Of Small - And Medium-Sized Entities Conducting Tax Avoidance. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(2), 375-390

Kipp, P. (2017). The effect of expanded audit report disclosures on users’ confidence in the audit and the financial statements. University of South Florida Graduate Theses and Dissertations.

Kochetova-Kozloski, N., Kozloski, T. M., & Messier Jr, W. F. (2013). Auditor business process analysis and linkages among auditor risk judgments. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32(3), 123-139

Köhler, A., Ratzinger-Sakel, N., & Theis, J. (2020). The effects of key audit matters on the auditor’s report’s communicative value: Experimental evidence from investment professionals and non-professional investors. Accounting in Europe, 17(2):105-128.

Krishnan, G. V., & Wang, C. (2015). The relation between managerial ability and audit fees and going concern opinions. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(3): 139-160.

Lee, J. E. (2015). Managerial ability and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(5), 1781-1788.

Lennox, C. S., Schmidt, J. J., & Thompson, A. (2021). Why are expanded audit reports not informative to investors? Evidence from the UK. Available at SSRN 2619785

Leverty, T., & M. Grace. (2012). Dupes or incompetents? An examination of management’s impact on firm distress. The Journal of Risk and Insurance 79(3): 751–783.

Lin, B. W., Lee, Y., & Hung, S. C. (2006). R&D intensity and commercialization orientation effects on financial performance. Journal of business research, 59(6), 679-685.

Louwers, T. J. (1998). The relation between going-concern opinions and the auditor's loss function. Journal of Accounting research, 36(1), 143-156.

Lynch, D., Mandell, A., & Rousseau, L. (2021). The determinants and unintended consequences of expanded audit reporting: evidence from tax-related key audit matters. Available at SSRN 689349

Mutchler, J. F., Hopwood, W., & McKeown, J. M. (1997). The influence of contrary information and mitigating factors on audit opinion decisions on bankrupt companies. Journal of Accounting research, 35(2):295-310.

Nelson, J., Ronen, J., & White, L. (1988). Legal liabilities and the market for auditing services. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 3(3), 255–285.

Petkevich, A., & Prevost, A. (2018). Managerial ability, information quality, and the design and pricing of corporate debt. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 51(4):1033-1069.

Pinto, I., & Morais, A. I. (2019). What matters in disclosures of key audit matters: Evidence from Europe. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 30(2):145-162.

Raghunandan, K., & Rama, D. (1995). Audit reports for companies in financial distress: Before and after SAS No. 59. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 14(1), 50-63.

Rajgopal, S., Shevlin, T., & Zamora, V. (2006). CEOs' outside employment opportunities and the lack of relative performance evaluation in compensation contracts. The Journal of Finance, 61(4), 1813-1844.

Reid, L C., J. V. Carcello, C. Li, & T. L. Neal. (2019). Impact of auditor report changes on financial reporting quality and audit costs: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Contemporary Accounting Research 36(3): 1501-1539

Sierra-García, L., Gambetta, N., García-Benau, M. A., & Orta-Pérez, M. (2019). Understanding the determinants of the magnitude of entity-level risk and account-level risk key audit matters: The case of the United Kingdom. The British Accounting Review, 51(3):227-240.

Sirois, L. P., Bédard, J., & Bera, P. (2018). The informational value of key audit matters in the auditor's report: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Accounting Horizons, 32(2), 141-162.

Sletten, E. (2012). The effect of stock price on discretionary disclosure. Review of accounting studies, 17(1):96-133.

Smith, K. (2019). Tell me more: A content analysis of expanded auditor reporting in the United Kingdom. Available at SSRN 2821399.

Stocken, P.C. (2000). Credibility of voluntary disclosure. RAND Journal of Economics 31(2): 359–374.

Tian, J. (2014). Board monitoring and endogenous information asymmetry. Contemporary Accounting Research 31(1): 136–151.

Turner, J. L., Mock, T. J., Coram, P. J., & Gray, G. L. (2010). Improving transparency and relevance of auditor communications with financial statement users. Current Issues in Auditing, 4(1):A1-A8.

Wang, Z., Chen, M. H., Chin, C. L., & Zheng, Q. (2017). Managerial ability, political connections, and fraudulent financial reporting in China. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 36(2), 141-162.