Countless negative psychological consequences are confirmed as results of the presence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drawing on Stress Reduction Theory (SRT), Attention Restoration Theory (ART), and the leisure and health buffering model, nature-based tourism (NBT) is found to have the potential to counteract COVID-19-related negative psychological responses and promote higher levels of happiness. However, empirical research on NBT and its impact on psychological well-being in the post-COVID-19 era is still insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between fear of COVID-19, perceived restorative environment, outdoor leisure activities, and happiness in the post-COVID-19 era. Data was collected from 391 Taiwanese tourists who visited Mingchi National Forest Recreation Area in Taiwan. Traditional statistics, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used for data analysis. The findings revealed significant negative associations between fear of COVID-19, perceived restorative environment, and outdoor leisure activities, but not happiness. Additionally, significant positive associations were found between perceived restorative environment, outdoor leisure activities, and happiness. Moreover, perceived restorative environment and outdoor leisure activities partially mediated the association between fear of COVID-19 and happiness. The Stimulus-Response (S-R) theory and the socio-ecological framework for the relationship between greenspace access and health were applied for facilitating the interpretation of the proposed structural model. This study empirically identified changes in sentiment among Taiwanese tourists regarding their fear of COVID-19 and their perception of happiness in the post-COVID-19 era.

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Chapter 1 – Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Purpose of the Study 3
1.3 Definition of Terms 4
Chapter 2 – Literature Review 6
2.1 Nature-based Tourism (NBT) 6
2.2 The Negative Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 9
2.3 Perceived Restorative Environment in NBT 11
2.4 Outdoor Leisure Activities in NBT 14
2.5 Happiness as an Outcome of NBT 17
2.6 The Perspective of Stimulus-Response Theory 20
2.7 Research Hypotheses 22
Chapter 3 – Methods 24
3.1 Research Design 24
3.2 Instruments 24
3.3 Research Setting 30
3.4 Data Collection 31
3.5 Data Analysis 35
Chapter 4 – Results 36
4.1 Pilot Survey 36
4.2 Respondents’ Characteristics 36
4.3 Correlations among the Main Constructs in the Research 38
4.4 Measurement Model 41
4.5 Structural Equation Model 44
4.6 Multi-group Structural Equation Modeling Analysis 50
Chapter 5 – Discussion 52
5.1 General Discussion 52
5.2 Study Limitation 56
Chapter 6 – Conclusions 58
6.1 Summary of the Findings 58
6.2 Managerial Implications 58
6.3 Future Research Direction 60
References 62
Appendix 1 – Questionnaire in Traditional Chinese 80
Appendix 2 – Questionnaire in English 84

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