黑水虻幼蟲(Black Soldier Fly Larvae,BSFL)為新興替代水產養殖飼料中魚粉(Fishmeal,FM)之動物性蛋白來源。本研究以不同比例(0%、25%、50%及100%) 的黑水虻粉 (BSFL) 添加於飼料，餵食布氏鯧鰺 (Trachinotus blochii) 幼魚，記錄其生長並分析皮膚粘液中溶菌酶的活性，並評估每種飲食處理的飼料成本。每組使用30隻布氏鯧鰺（體長2.669±0.219 cm），於20公升養殖缸中飼養每組三重覆，為期四週。餵食試驗結束後，於每缸中隨機採取10條魚進行生長參數測量及採集皮膚粘液進行溶菌酶活性測定。結果顯示，在無添加黑水虻粉(0%)組別，布氏鯧鰺的生長（最終體重和體長、增重百分比和增長百分比、日成長率、肥滿度、飼料效率及飼料轉化率）表現最佳。添加黑水虻粉25%及50%組生長表現皆顯著高於100% 組 (p<0.05)。使用100% 黑水虻粉餌料組對布氏鯧鰺生長有顯著負面影響，其各項生長表現皆為所有組別中最低。因此，100%組消耗的飼料成本顯著高於 50組。黑水虻粉餌料不會影響布氏鯧鰺的存活率及其皮膚粘液溶菌酶的活性表現。綜合上述研究結果顯示，布氏鯧鰺的飼料中加入最高50%的黑水虻粉，並不影響其生長和皮膚免疫之表現。

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermita illucence) is becoming an alternative source of protein to replace fishmeal (FM) in feeds in aquaculture. This study evaluated the growth performance and skin mucus immunity in snub nose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) which were fed with 0% (Control), 25%, 50%, and 100% BSFL diets replacing commercial fish feeds. Moreover, the feed cost of each diet treatment was evaluated. Thirty fish (2.669±0.219 cm in total length) were raised in a 20L tank, in triplicates per each diet treatment. After a four-weeks of feeding trial, 10 fish per tank were measured for their body parameters and skin mucus were collected and subjected to a lysozyme assay. Results showed that the growth (final body weight & length, percentage weight gain & length gain, specific growth rate, condition factor) of pompano were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by the BSFL inclusion levels up to 50%. The 100% BSFL treatment negatively affected the pompano and led them to the lowest growth among treatments. Diets with 0%, 25%, and 50% BSFL reported significantly higher feed conversion efficiency and lower feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) than 100% BSFL diet. Therefore, 100% BSFL diet treatment consumed significantly higher feed cost than the diets up to 50% BSFL. The survival and skin mucus immunity of pompano were not significantly affected by any BSFL inclusion (p>0.05). These findings suggested that BSFL can be used up to 50% in the diets of snub nose pompano without compromising in growth and immunity of fish.

Acknowledgement i
Abstract iii
摘要 v
Table of contents vii
List of tables ix
List of figures xi
1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and Methods 9
2.1 Preparation of the experimental diets 9
2.2 Experimental fish 9
2.3 Experimental design 10
2.4 Water quality measurements 11
2.5 Sample collection 12
a. Skin mucus preparation 12
b. Body parameters 12
2.6 Sample analysis 13
a. Growth performance 13
b. Lysozyme concentration in skin mucus 13
c. Proximate composition of diets 14
2.7 Calculations and statistical analysis 15
3. Results 17
3.1 Growth performance 17
3.2 Feed utilization 18
3.3 Survival 19
3.4 Skin mucus immunity 19
3.5 Feed cost 20
4. Discussion 21
5. Conclusion 31
References 33
Appendix 55

Abdel-Tawwab, M., R.H. Khalil, A.A. Metwally, M.S. Shakweer, M.A. Khallaf, and H.M.R. Abdel-Latif. 2020. Effects of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Organs-Somatic Indices, Body Composition, and Hemato-Biochemical Variables of European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture 522: 735136.
Athithan, S. 2020. Culture of Silver Pompano in Coastal Aquaculture Ponds. Coastal Aquacultures and Mariculture: 61–65.
Baldi, L., T. Mancuso, M. Peri, L. Gasco, and M.T. Trentinaglia. 2022. Consumer Attitude and Acceptance Toward Fish Fed with Insects: A Focus on the New Generations. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 8 (11): 1249–63.
Banavar, A., S.K. Amirkolaei, L. Duscher, B.H. Khairunisa, B. Mukhopadhyay, M. Schwarz, S. Urick, and R. Ovissipour. 2022. Nutritional Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly Frass as an Ingredient in Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus L.) Diets. Animals 12 (18).
Barragan-Fonseca, K. B., M. Dicke, and J. J. A. V. Loon. 2017. Nutritional Value of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and Its Suitability as Animal Feed – A Review. Insects Food Feed 3 (2): 105–120.
Basri, N.E.A., N.A. Azman, I.K. Ahmad, F. Suja, N.A.A. Jalil, and N.F. Amrul. 2022. Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review. Foods 11 (17): 1–19.
Bosch, G., S. Zhang, D.G.A.B. Oonincx, and W.H. Hendriks. 2014. Protein Quality of Insects as Potential Ingredients for Dog and Cat Foods. Journal of Nutritional Science 3: 1–4.
Boyd, C.E., A.A. McNevin, and R.P. Davis. 2022. The Contribution of Fisheries and Aquaculture to the Global Protein Supply. Food Security 14 (3): 805–827.
Bruni, L., R. Pastorelli, C. Viti, L. Gasco, and G. Parisi. 2018. Characterization of the Intestinal Microbial Communities of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) Partially Defatted Larva Meal as Partial Dietary Protein Source. Aquaculture 487: 56–63.
Burel, C., T. Boujard, F. Tulli, S. J. Kaushik, and S. Pee-sur-ni. 2000. Digestibility of Extruded Peas, Extruded Lupin, and Rapeseed Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture 188(3-4): 285–298.
Chaklader, M.R., M.A.B. Siddik, R. Fotedar, and J. Howieson. 2019. Insect Larvae, Hermetia illucens in Poultry By-Product Meal for Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Modulates Histomorphology, Immunity and Resistance to Vibrio harveyi, Scientific Report 9 (1): 16703-16703.
Chakraborty, S.B. and C. Hancz. 2011. Application of Phytochemicals as Immune Stimulant, Antipathogenic and Antistress Agents in Finfish Culture. Reviews in Aquaculture 3: 103-119.
Charles Bai S., R.W. Hardy, and A. Hamidoghli. 2022. Chapter 10 - Diet Analysis and Evaluation in Fish Nutrition (Fourth edition). Eds. R.W. Hardy, S.J. Kaushik. (Academic Press).
Chavez, H.M., A.L. Fang, and A.A. Carandang. 2011. Effect of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Survival and Production of Silver Pompano, Trachinotus blochii, (Lacépède, 1801) in Marine Cages. Asian Fisheries Science 24: 321-330.
Colletti, A., A. Attrovio, L. Boffa, S. Mantegna, and G. Cravotto. 2020. Valorisation of By-Products from Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Processing. Molecules 25 (9): 2–33.
Dabrowski, K. and B. Kozak. 1979. The Use of Fish Meal and Soyabean Meal as a Protein Source in the Diet of Grass Carp Fry. Aquaculture 18 (2): 107–14.
Dabrowski, K., P. Poczyczynski, G. Köck, and B. Berger. 1989. Effect of Partially or Totally Replacing Fish Meal Protein by Soybean Meal Protein on Growth, Food Utilization and Proteolytic Enzyme Activities in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). New in Vivo Test for Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion. Aquaculture 77 (1): 29–49.
Data Bridge Market Research. 2022 August. Global Insect Protein Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029. Food & Beverage. https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-insect-protein-market
Edward, R., P.M. Janice, and A.R. Trisha. 2021. Performance, Digestibility Efficiencies, Gut and Liver Morphologies of Snub Nose Pompano Trachinotus blochii Fed Spray-Dried Haemoglobin Meal as Protein Substitute for Fishmeal. Aquaculture Research 52 (11): 5849-5856.
Ellis A.E. 2001. Innate Host Defense Mechanism of Fish Against Viruses and Bacteria. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 (8-9): 827–839.
English, G., G. Wanger, and S.M. Colombo. 2021. A Review of Advancements in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Production for Dietary Inclusion in Salmonid Feeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 5.
Feed Additive. 2022 December 18. Global Insect Protein Market. https://www.feedandadditive.com/global-insect-protein-market/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
Foysal, M.J., R. Fotedar, C.Y. Tay, and S.K. Gupta. 2019. Dietary Supplementation of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetica illucens) Meal Modulates Gut Microbiota, Innate Immune Response and Health Status of Marron (Cherax cainii, Austin 2002) Fed Poultry-By- Product and Fishmeal Based Diets, PeerJ 7: e6891.
Francis, G., H.P.S. Makkar, and K. Becker. 2001. Antinutritional Factors Present in Plant-Derived Alternate Fish Feed Ingredients and Their Effects in Fish. Aquaculture 199.
Gutierrez, A., G. Patricia, V. Ruiz, R. Antonio, and H.M. Velez. 2004. Compositional, Microbiological And Protein Digestibility Analysis of the Larva Meal of Hermetia illuscens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyiidae) at Angelópolis - Antioquia, Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín [online] 57 (2): 2491-2500.
He, Y., X. Liu, N. Zhang, S. Wang, A. Wang, R. Zuo, and Y. Jiang. 2022. Replacement of Commercial Feed with Fresh Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition 2022: 1–8.
Ingh, T.S.G.A.M. van den, Å. Krogdahl, J.J. Olli, H.G.C.J.M. Hendriks, and J.G.J.F. Koninkx. 1991. Effects of Soybean-Containing Diets on the Proximal and Distal Intestine in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): A Morphological Study. Aquaculture 94 (4): 297–305.
Jayakumar, R., A.K.A. Nazar, G. Tamilmani, M. Sakthivel, C.P.K. Rameshkumar, G.H. Rao, and G. Gopakumar. 2014. Evaluation of Growth and Production Performance of Hatchery Produced Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède, 1801) Fingerlings under Brackishwater Pond Farming in India. Indian Journal of Fisheries 61 (3): 58-62.
Kamarudin, M.S., S. Rosle and I.S. Yasin. 2021. -NC-ND License Performance of Defatted Black Soldier Fly Pre-Pupae Meal as Fishmeal Replacement in the Diet of Lemon Fin Barb Hybrid Fingerlings Performance of Defatted Black Soldier Fly Pre-Pupae Meal as Fishmeal Replacement in the Diet of Lemon Fin Barb. Aquaculture Reports 21 (July): 100775.
Kroeckel, S., A.G.E. Harjes, I. Roth, H. Katz, S. Wuertz, A. Susenbeth, and C. Schulz. 2012. When a Turbot Catches a Fly: Evaluation of a Pre-Pupae Meal of The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Fish Meal Substitute – Growth Performance and Chitin Degradation in Juvenile Turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management. 364-365, 345-352.
Kumar, V., F.J. Fawole, N. Romano, M.S. Hossain, S.N. Labh, K. Overturf, and B.C. Small. 2021. Insect (Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens) Meal Supplementation Prevents the Soybean Meal-Induced Intestinal Enteritis in Rainbow Trout and Health Benefits of Using Insect Oil. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 109: 116–24.
Lan, H.P., J. Cremer, J. Chappell, C. J. Hawke, and T.O. Keefe. 2007. Growth Performance of Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) Fed Fishmeal and Soy Based Diets in Offshore OCAT Ocean Cages. Results of the 2007 OCAT Cage Feeding Trial in Hainan, China. http://www.soyaqua.org/sites/default/files/reports/07ocatfinaltrialreport.pdf
Li, Y., T.M. Kortner, E.M. Chikwati, I. Belghit, E.J. Lock, and Å. Krogdahl. 2020. Total Replacement of Fish Meal with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal Does Not Compromise the Gut Health of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 520 (August 2019): 734967.
Liland, N.S., P. Araujo, X.X. Xu, E. Lock, G. Radhakrishnan, A.J.P. Prabhu, and I. Belghit. 2021. A Meta-Analysis on the Nutritional Value of Insects in Aquafeeds Abstract Insects as Food and Feed 7 (5): 743–59.
López, A.S. 2015. Potential of Pre-pupae Meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Fishmeal Substitute: Effect on Growth Performance and Digestibility in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). MS Thesis. Universitat Politécnica de València, Spain, pp.1525.
Magalhães, R., A. Sánchez-López, R.S. Leal, S. Martínez-Llorens, A. Oliva-Teles, and H. Peres. 2017. Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pre-pupae Meal as a Fish Meal Replacement in Diets for European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 476: 79–85.
Manomaitis, L. and C.M. Cremer. 2007. Performance of Pompano Fed Soy-optimised Extruded Feed Using ASA-IM Low Volume High Density Cages in Vung Tau Province, Vietnam. Results of ASA-IM/Soy-in-Aquaculture 2007. Feeding Demonstration Project. American Soybean International Marketing (ASA-IM).
McMaster, M.F., T.C. Kloth, J. F. Coburn, and N.E. Stolpe. 2007. Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus Is an Alternative Species for Low Salinity Shrimp Pond Farming. World Aquaculture 38: 50-54.
Momin, M.A., M.F. Jubayer, A.A. Begum, A.H. Nupur, T.V. Ranganathan, and M.A.R. Mazumder. 2020. Substituting Wheat Flour with Okara Flour in Biscuit Production. Foods and Raw Materials 8 (2): 422–28.
Nairuti, R.N., J.M. Munguti, H. Waidbacher, and W. Zollitsch. 2021. Growth Performance and Survival Rates of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Reared on Diets Containing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal. Bodenkultur 72 (1): 9–19.
Nairuti, R.N., S.N. Musyoka, M.J. Yegon, and M.A. Opiyo. 2022. Utilization of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) Larvae as a Protein Source for Fish Feed: A Review. Aquaculture Studies 22 (2).
Nguyen, H.P., T.V. Do, H.D. Tran, and T.T. Nguyen. 2020. Replacement of Fish Meal with Defatted and Fermented Soybean Meals in Pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801) diets. Annals of Animal Science 21 (2): 575-587
Priyadarshana, M.K.C., C.N. Walpita, M. Naveenan, M.P.S. Magamage, and H.A.D. Ruwandeepika. 2021. Substitution of Fishmeal with Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758 Larvae in Finfish Aquaculture – a Review. Asian Fisheries Science 34 (2): 114–26.
Rana, K.M.S., M.A. Salam, S. Hashem, and A.Islam. 2015. Development of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Production Technique as an Alternate Fish Feed. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 5 (1): 41–47.
Redding. 2022 June 24. Black Soldier Fly Market Worth $3.96 Billion by 2033 - Exclusive Report by Meticulous Research®. Globe Newswire. https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/06/24/2468653/0/en/Black-Soldier-Fly-Market-Worth-3-96-Billion-by-2033-Exclusive-Report-by-Meticulous-Research.html
Renna, M., A. Schiavone, F. Gai, S. Dabbou, C. Lussiana, V. Malfatto, M. Prearo, Prearo, M.T. Prearo, I. Biasato, E. Biasibetti, M. De Marco, A. Brugiapaglia, I. Zoccarato, and L. Gasco. 2017. Evaluation of the Suitability of a Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal as Ingredient For Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) Diets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 8: 57.
Research and Markets. 2022 May. A Global and Regional Analysis: 2022-2027. Insect Protein Market. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5596064/insect-protein-market-a-global-and-regional
Shannon, L. and L.Waller. 2021. A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal / Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective. Conservation and Restoration Ecology 9: 1–9.
Shukla, A., M. Kumar, G. Gupta, and N. Pathak. 2019. A Review on Replacing Fish Meal in Aqua Feeds Using Plant and Animal Protein Sources. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2018 6 (2): 164-179.
Siddaiah, G.M, R. Kumar, R. Kumari, N.K. Chandan, J. Debbarma, D.K. Damle, A. Das, and S.S. Giri. 2023. Dietary Fishmeal Replacement with Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF) Larvae Meal Affected Production Performance, Whole Body Composition, Antioxidant Status, and Health of Snakehead (Channa striata) Juveniles. Animal Feed Science and Technology 297: 115597.
Siddiqui, S.A., B. Ristow, T. Rahayu, N.S. Putra, N.W. Yuwono, K. Nisa, B. Mategeko, S. Smetana, M. Saki, A. Nawaz, and A. Nagdalian. 2022. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) and Their Affinity for Organic Waste Processing. Waste Management 140: 1–13.
Sintayehu, A., E. Mathies, K.H. Meyer‐Burgdorff, H. Rosenow, and K.D. Günther. 1996. Apparent Digestibilities and Growth Experiments with Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Soybean Meal, Cottonseed Meal and Sunflower Seed Meal. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 12 (2): 125-130.
Singh, A. and K. Kumari. 2019. An Inclusive Approach for Organic Waste Treatment and Valorisation Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Review. Journal of Environmental Management 251: 109569.
Soetemans, L., M. Uyttebroek, and L. Bastiaens. 2020. Characteristics of Chitin Extracted From Black Soldier Fly in Different Life Stages. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 165 (B): 3206-3214.
Sun, J.L., Y.F. Liu, T. Jiang, Y.Q. Li, F.B. Song, X. Wen, and J. Luo. 2021. Golden Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) Adapts to Acute Hypoxic Stress by Altering the Preferred Mode of Energy Metabolism. Aquaculture 542 (1): 736842.
Talamuk, R.. 2016. Comparisons of Growth Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Different Inclusion Levels of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal Diets. MS Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Terova, G., S. Rimoldi, C. Ascione, E. Gini, C. Ceccotti, and L. Gasco. 2019. Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Gut Microbiota Is Modulated by Insect Meal From Hermetia illucens Prepupae in the Diet. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 29: 465–486.
Uribe, C., H. Folch, R. Enriquez, and G. Moran. 2011. Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Teleost Fish: A Review. Veterinarni Medicina 56 (10): 486–503.
Wang L., Z. Cui, X. Ren, P. Li, and Y. Wang. 2021. Growth Performance, Feed Cost and Environmental Impact of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides Fed Low Fish Meal Diets. Aquaculture Reports b (20): 100757.
Weththasinghe, P., J. Ø. Hansen, D. Nøkland, L. Lagos, M. Rawski, and M. Øverland. 2020. Full-fat Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Meal and Paste in Extruded Diets for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Effect on Physical Pellet Quality, Nutrient Digestibility, Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performances. Aquaculture (530): 735785.
Wilfart, A., S. Espagnol, S. Dauguet, A. Tailleur, A. Gac, and F. Garcia-Launay. 2016. ECOALIM: A Dataset of Environmental Impacts of Feed Ingredients Used in French Animal Production. PLoS ONE 11 (12): 1–17.
Xiao, X., P. Jin, L. Zheng, M. Cai, Z. Yu, J. Yu, and J. Zhang. 2018. Effects of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal Protein as a Fishmeal Replacement on the Growth and Immune Index of Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Aquaculture Research 49 (4): 1569–1577.
Yamamoto, F.Y., B.A. Suehs, M. Ellis, P.R. Bowles, C.E. Older, M.E. Hume, G.G. Bake, J.A. Cammack, J.K. Tomberlin, and D.M. Gatlin III. 2022. Dietary Fishmeal Replacement by Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meals Affected Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) Production Performance and Intestinal Microbiota Depending on What Feed Substrate the Insect Larvae Were Offered. Animal Feed Science and Technology 283: 115179.
Zulkifli, N.F.N.M., A.Y. Seok-Kian, L.L. Seng, S. Mustafa, Y.S. Kim, and R. Shapawi. 2022. Nutritional Value of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Processed by Different Methods. PLoS ONE 17(2): 1–14.