現今社會有越來越多人有掉髮、禿頭的症狀，掉髮不僅影響外觀，也影響心理層面，故如何促進毛髮增生，已成為近年來備受矚目的課題。土肉桂具有多項生理功效，但目前科學上仍未有文獻明確指出土肉桂天然萃取物具有毛髮增生的功能。本研究中，我們通過體外和體內測定研究了土肉桂萃取物對毛髮生長的影響。實驗中以細胞存活率檢測法分析了萃取物在不同濃度下，促進大鼠觸鬚和人類真皮乳頭細胞增殖之功效，並與臨床用藥Minoxidil比較。通過定量反轉錄聚合酶鏈式反應，經土肉桂萃取物培養的人毛髮真皮乳頭細胞中，包括VEGF，KGF和TGF-β2等一些毛髮生長相關因子的基因水平會高於未處理的對照組。進一步以囓齒類動物模型來驗證土肉桂萃取物具有促進毛髮增生之成效，於脫毛的C57BL / 6小鼠模型中，經土肉桂萃取物處理組中會刺激毛髮生長，動物組織切片觀察結果，也顯示了土肉桂萃取物促進毛髮生長周期中的生長期。最後，超高效液相色譜圖分析顯示，此土肉桂萃取物主要含有肉桂醛和少量肉桂酸。本研究結果顯明了土肉桂萃取物可應用於治療脫髮之潛力。

An increasing number of people suffer from hair loss or alopecia. It affects not only the appearance but also the psychological level and their mental health. Therefore, how to make the hair follicle proliferation and hair regrowth has become a subject of great attention in recent years. The extracts from Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehria (COK) have many biological activities. However, there is no report clearly pointed out that COK extract has the benefit for the hair growth application. In this study, we explored the effect of the water extract of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehria (COK) leaves on hair growth by in vitro and in vivo assays. Using an in vitro MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, it was found that the the proliferation of rat vibrissae and human hair dermal papilla cells were significantly enhanced by the COK leaf extract treatment. As determined by quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA levels of some hair-growth related factors including VEGF, KGF, and TGF-β2 were found higher in the cultured human hair dermal papilla cells exposed to COK leaf extract than those in the untreated control group. In the hair-depilated C57BL/6 mouse model, the stimulation of hair growth was demonstrated in the group of COK leaf extract treatment. Both photographical and histological observations revealed the promotion of the anagen phase in the hair growth cycle by the COK leaf extract in the C57BL/6 mice. Finally, the UPLC chromatogram showed that the COK extract contained mostly cinnamicaldehyde and a small amount of cinnamic acid. The results suggest that the COK leaf-extract may find use for the treatment of hair loss.

摘要 I
Abstract II
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VI
第一章、前言 1
1.1 研究目的 2
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2.1 頭髮構造與成分 3
2.2 毛囊的構造與功能 4
2.3 頭髮毛囊生長週期 5
2.4 毛髮生長因子 7
2.4.1 類胰島素生長因子-1（IGF-1）的功能 7
2.4.2 血管內皮生長因子（VEGF）的功能 8
2.4.3 肝細胞生長因子（HGF）的功能 9
2.4.4 角質細胞生長因子（KGF）的功能 9
2.4.5 轉化生長因子（TGF-β）的功能 10
2.4.6 毛囊幹細胞（Hair follicle stem cell） 10
2.5 毛囊病症---雄性禿 11
2.5.1 雄性禿的治療 12
2.6 土肉桂的功效及成分 13
2.6.1 土肉桂成分分析 16
2.6.2 土肉桂生理活性及醫學應用 17
第三章、材料與方法 19
3.1土肉桂植物材料與萃取19
3.1.1以UPLC檢測COK葉萃取物之成分分析19
3.2分離大鼠觸鬚毛囊細胞與特性分析19
3.2.1細胞型態之觀察 20
3.2.2大鼠觸鬚真皮乳突細胞培養與繼代 21
3.2.3大鼠觸鬚真皮乳突細胞之相關基因鑑定 22
3.3 COK水萃液對大鼠毛囊真皮乳突細胞生長之影響-MTT檢測 23
3.4 COK萃取物調控大鼠毛囊真皮乳突細胞生長因子之基因表現的影響 23
3.5人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞的培養24
3.6人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞之細胞增殖測定(MTT assay) 24
3.7 COK萃取物調控人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞生長因子之基因表現的影響 25
3.8小鼠毛髮生長的檢測 25
3.9大鼠毛髮生長實驗 26
3.10組織處理及切片染色分析 26
3.11 COK萃取物調控人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞之5α還原酶基因表現的影響 27
3.12統計分析..27
第四章、研究結果28
4.1 COK萃取物之成分分析28
4.2初代大鼠觸鬚毛囊真皮乳突細胞之細胞型態與專一性基因表現鑑定 29
4.3 MTT檢測COK萃取物對大鼠觸鬚DPC增殖的影響 30
4.4 RT-PCR檢測COK萃取液對大鼠觸鬚DPC之生長因子表現的影響 31
4.5 COK萃取物對促進大鼠毛髮生長之影響 32
4.6 COK葉萃取物對人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞增殖的影響 32
4.7 COK萃取物對人類毛囊真皮乳突細胞之生長因子基因表達的影響 33
4.8 COK萃取物促進實驗動物小鼠之毛髮生長的影響 34
4.9 小鼠皮膚毛囊組織學檢測 35
4.10土肉桂葉萃取物及其單一活性成分調控5α-還原酶基因表現 37
第五章、討論 38
第六章、結論 42
第七章、未來展望 44
第八章、參考文獻 46

林耀堂，1979。台灣植物成分研究：各種肉桂樹精油之比較試驗。台灣大學化學 系研究中心工作報告( NTU CRC6801 )。
林耀堂，1980。台灣植物成分研究：各種肉桂樹成分之研究。台灣大學化學系研究中心報告( NTU CRC6901 )。
吳天賞、陳榮秀， 1977。假肉桂之成分研究。 台灣藥學雜誌29: 15-18。
胡大維、林耀堂、何政坤，1985。台灣土肉桂葉部精油化學成分之天然變異。台灣省林業試驗所抽印本No 78。中華民國農學團體聯合會特刊。 p 45-62
王振瀾，1987。土肉桂造林木之精油收率及成分分析。林業試驗所研究報告季刊 2(2)：129-44。
王振瀾、尹華文，1991。栽培地區及生長對土肉桂葉精油含量成分之影響。林業試驗所研究報告季刊6(3)：313-28。
王振瀾、尹華文，1992。精油萃取、組成、季節性變化與葉部精油組成之天然變異。台灣省林業試驗所林業叢刊第38號 p 47-61。台北，台灣。
陳怡穎，2003。”台灣土肉桂葉精油之組成與抗氧化性” ，國立台灣大學食品科技研究所，碩士論文。
白昕平，2003。”台灣原生土肉桂葉揮發性成分之研究” ，國立屏東科技大學食品科學系，碩士論文。
莊文宜，2004。”土肉桂之成分分析” ，國立屏東科技大學農園生產系，碩士論文。
陳科如，2007。”台灣土肉桂葉中類黃酮糖苷類胰島素活性之研究探討” ，朝陽科技大學化學研究所，碩士論文。
許盟忠，2005。”台灣土肉桂抑菌性及抗氧化性之研究” ，亞洲大學保健營養生技學系，碩士論文。
王涵潁，2006。"數種天然萃取物應用於預防雄性禿保養品之細胞評估"，嘉南藥理科技大學，化粧品科技研究所，碩士論文。
楊雨儒，2008。"天然萃取物及合成物應用於預防雄性禿保養品之細胞評估"，嘉南藥理科技大學，化粧品科技研究所，碩士論文。
張上鎮，2002。土肉桂葉精油的抗細菌活性與應用，林業研究專訊 9(3):23-8
張力元，2005。〝大豆抽出物對雄性禿的抑制作用以及對促進毛髮再生的應用評估〞，嘉南藥理科技大學，化粧品科技研究所，碩士論文。
吳曉慧，2006。"生長因子與Minoxidil對毛髮生長因子及黑色素生成之影響"，國立宜蘭大學生物技術研究所，碩士論文。
林泳沖，2007。"毛髮生長因子之表現與應用"，國立宜蘭大學生物技術研究所，碩士論文。
陳莉萍，2009。"探討幹細胞生長因子合併其他生長因子對毛髮生長與黑色素生成之效用"，國立宜蘭大學動物科技學系研究所，碩士論文。
塗惠如，2008。”塗佈細胞外間質蛋白質在乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物上對於誘導真皮乳頭微組織形成的影響” ，國立台灣大學工學院暨醫學院醫學工程研究所，碩士論文。
李巧芸，2005。”毛囊之真皮乳頭細胞在乙烯-乙烯醇共聚合薄膜上自我聚集成立體微組織” ，國立台灣大學工學院暨醫學院醫學工程研究所，碩士論文。
林韋廷，2010。”在聚乙烯醇表面大量製造大小可調控的可注入性真皮乳頭微組織以應用於毛囊再生” ，國立台灣大學工學院暨醫學院醫學工程研究所，碩士論文。
夏靜吾，2009。”鼠類觸鬚毛囊乳突細胞對藥物早期反應之研究”， 國立陽明大學醫學生物技術暨檢驗學系暨研究所，碩士論文。
林庭宇，2011。”土肉桂葉子熱水抽出物對動物降血脂之功效及其成分解 析”，國立中興大學森林學系所，碩士論文
AKIRA, T., TANAKA, S. & TABATA, M. 1986. Pharmacological studies on the antiulcerogenic activity of Chinese cinnamon. Planta Med, 440-3.
ARJAANS, M., OUDE MUNNINK, T. H., TIMMER-BOSSCHA, H., REISS, M., WALENKAMP, A. M., LUB-DE HOOGE, M. N., DE VRIES, E. G. & SCHRODER, C. P. 2012. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta expression and activation mechanisms as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy and tumor imaging. Pharmacol Ther, 135, 123-32.
AUF DEMKELLER, U., KRAMPERT, M., KUMIN, A., BRAUN, S. & WERNER, S. 2004. Keratinocyte growth factor: effects on keratinocytes and mechanisms of action. Eur J Cell Biol, 83, 607-12.
BELLEUDI, F., PURPURA, V. & TORRISI, M. R. 2011. The receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR2b/KGFR controls early differentiation of human keratinocytes. PLoS One, 6, e24194.
BRAUN, S., KRAMPERT, M., BODO, E., KUMIN, A., BORN-BERCLAZ, C., PAUS, R. & WERNER, S. 2006. Keratinocyte growth factor protects epidermis and hair follicles from cell death induced by UV irradiation, chemotherapeutic or cytotoxic agents. J Cell Sci, 119, 4841-9.
CAO, W., LI, L., TRAN, B., KAJIURA, S., AMOH, Y., LIU, F. & HOFFMAN, R. M. 2015. Extensive Hair Shaft Growth after Mouse Whisker Follicle Isolation, Cryopreservation and Transplantation in Nude Mice. PLoS One, 10, e0145997.
CHANG, C. T., CHANG, W. L., HSU, J. C., SHIH, Y. & CHOU, S. T. 2013. Chemical composition and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil. Bot Stud, 54, 10.
CHANG, S. T., CHEN, P. F. & CHANG, S. C. 2001. Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum. J Ethnopharmacol, 77, 123-7.
CHAO, L. K., HUA, K. F., HSU, H. Y., CHENG, S. S., LIU, J. Y. & CHANG, S. T. 2005. Study on the antiinflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. J Agric Food Chem, 53, 7274-8.
CHOI, D. Y., BAEK, Y. H., HUH, J. E., KO, J. M., WOO, H., LEE, J. D. & PARK, D. S. 2009. Stimulatory effect of Cinnamomum cassia and cinnamic acid on angiogenesis through up-regulation of VEGF and Flk-1/KDR expression. Int Immunopharmacol, 9, 959-67.
CHOI, H. M., JUNG, Y., PARK, J., KIM, H. L., YOUN, D. H., KANG, J., JEONG, M. Y., LEE, J. H., YANG, W. M., LEE, S. G., AHN, K. S. & UM, J. Y. 2016. Cinnamomi Cortex (Cinnamomum verum) Suppresses Testosterone-induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating 5alpha-reductase. Sci Rep, 6, 31906.
CHUA, M. T., TUNG, Y. T. & CHANG, S. T. 2008. Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the twigs of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Bioresour Technol, 99, 1918-25.
DANILENKO, D. M., RING, B. D., YANAGIHARA, D., BENSON, W., WIEMANN, B., STARNES, C. O. & PIERCE, G. F. 1995. Keratinocyte growth factor is an important endogenous mediator of hair follicle growth, development, and differentiation. Normalization of the nu/nu follicular differentiation defect and amelioration of chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Am J Pathol, 147, 145-54.
DATTA, K., SINGH, A. T., MUKHERJEE, A., BHAT, B., RAMESH, B. & BURMAN, A. C. 2009. Eclipta alba extract with potential for hair growth promoting activity. J Ethnopharmacol, 124, 450-6.
DUPONT, J. & HOLZENBERGER, M. 2003. Biology of insulin-like growth factors in development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 69, 257-71.
DVORAK, H. F., BROWN, L. F., DETMAR, M. & DVORAK, A. M. 1995. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol, 146, 1029-39.
EHRLICH, M., GUTMAN, O., KNAUS, P. & HENIS, Y. I. 2012. Oligomeric interactions of TGF-beta and BMP receptors. FEBS Lett, 586, 1885-96.
ELLIOTT, K., STEPHENSON, T. J. & MESSENGER, A. G. 1999. Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses. J Invest Dermatol, 113, 873-7.
FANG, J. M., CHEN, S. A. & CHENG, Y. S. 1989. Quantitative analysis of the essential oil of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 37, 744-746.
FANG, S. H., RAO, Y. K. & TZENG, Y. M. 2005. Inhibitory effects of flavonol glycosides from Cinnamomum osmophloeum on inflammatory mediators in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated murine macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem, 13, 2381-8.
FORD, K. M. & D'AMORE, P. A. 2012. Molecular regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis, 18, 519-27.
FUSHIMI, T., INUI, S., OGASAWARA, M., NAKAJIMA, T., HOSOKAWA, K. & ITAMI, S. 2011. Narrow-band red LED light promotes mouse hair growth through paracrine growth factors from dermal papilla. J Dermatol Sci, 64, 246-8.
GREEN, J. & SINCLAIR, R. 2004. Alopecia totalis incognito. Int J Dermatol, 43, 919-21.
HAN, J. H., KWON, O. S., CHUNG, J. H., CHO, K. H., EUN, H. C. & KIM, K. H. 2004. Effect of minoxidil on proliferation and apoptosis in dermal papilla cells of human hair follicle. J Dermatol Sci, 34, 91-8.
HARADA, N., OKAJIMA, K., ARAI, M., KURIHARA, H. & NAKAGATA, N. 2007. Administration of capsaicin and isoflavone promotes hair growth by increasing insulin-like growth factor-I production in mice and in humans with alopecia. Growth Horm IGF Res, 17, 408-15.
HASHIMOTO, K. 2000. Regulation of keratinocyte function by growth factors. J Dermatol Sci, 24 Suppl 1, S46-50.
HENDRIX, S., HANDJISKI, B., PETERS, E. M. & PAUS, R. 2005. A guide to assessing damage response pathways of the hair follicle: lessons from cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia in mice. J Invest Dermatol, 125, 42-51.
HIIPAKKA, R. A., ZHANG, H. Z., DAI, W., DAI, Q. & LIAO, S. 2002. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of human 5alpha-reductases by polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol, 63, 1165-76.
HOFFMANN, R. 2002. [Hormonal interaction and hair growth]. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 129, 787-92.
HSIEH, C.-Y. C. S.-L. H. M.-M. H. S.-F. H. T.-J. 2004. Substituent Chemical Shift of Rhamnosides from the Stems of Cinnamomum osmophleum. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 56, 141-146.
HUSSAIN, R. A., KIM, J., HU, T. W., PEZZUTO, J. M., SOEJARTO, D. D. & KINGHORN, A. D. 1986. Isolation of a highly sweet constituent from Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaves. Planta Med, 403-4.
IKAWATI, Z., WAHYUONO, S. & MAEYAMA, K. 2001. Screening of several Indonesian medicinal plants for their inhibitory effect on histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells. J Ethnopharmacol, 75, 249-56.
INOUE, K., AOI, N., YAMAUCHI, Y., SATO, T., SUGA, H., ETO, H., KATO, H., TABATA, Y. & YOSHIMURA, K. 2009. TGF-beta is specifically expressed in human dermal papilla cells and modulates hair folliculogenesis. J Cell Mol Med, 13, 4643-56.
INUI, S. & ITAMI, S. 2011. Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla. J Dermatol Sci, 61, 1-6.
JUNLATAT, J. & SRIPANIDKULCHAI, B. 2014. Hair growth-promoting effect of Carthamus tinctorius floret extract. Phytother Res, 28, 1030-6.
KA, H., PARK, H. J., JUNG, H. J., CHOI, J. W., CHO, K. S., HA, J. & LEE, K. T. 2003. Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett, 196, 143-52.
KAWANO, M., HAN, J., KCHOUK, M. E. & ISODA, H. 2009. Hair growth regulation by the extract of aromatic plant Erica multiflora. J Nat Med, 63, 335-9.
KIKKAWA, Y. S., NAKAGAWA, T., TSUBOUCHI, H., IDO, A., INAOKA, T., ONO, K. & ITO, J. 2009. Hepatocyte growth factor protects auditory hair cells from aminoglycosides. Laryngoscope, 119, 2027-31.
KIM, S. C., KANG, J. I., KIM, M. K., HYUN, J. H., BOO, H. J., PARK, D. B., LEE, Y. J., YOO, E. S., KIM, Y. H., KIM, Y. H. & KANG, H. K. 2010. Promotion effect of norgalanthamine, a component of Crinum asiaticum, on hair growth. Eur J Dermatol, 20, 42-8.
KWON, O. S., HAN, J. H., YOO, H. G., CHUNG, J. H., CHO, K. H., EUN, H. C. & KIM, K. H. 2007. Human hair growth enhancement in vitro by green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Phytomedicine, 14, 551-5.
LACHGAR, S., MOUKADIRI, H., JONCA, F., CHARVERON, M., BOUHADDIOUI, N., GALL, Y., BONAFE, J. L. & PLOUET, J. 1996. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for hair dermal papilla cells. J Invest Dermatol, 106, 17-23.
LAVKER, R. M., SUN, T. T., OSHIMA, H., BARRANDON, Y., AKIYAMA, M., FERRARIS, C., CHEVALIER, G., FAVIER, B., JAHODA, C. A., DHOUAILLY, D., PANTELEYEV, A. A. & CHRISTIANO, A. M. 2003. Hair follicle stem cells. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 8, 28-38.
LEE, G. S., HONG, E. J., GWAK, K. S., PARK, M. J., CHOI, K. C., CHOI, I. G., JANG, J. W. & JEUNG, E. B. 2010. The essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa promote hair growth through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Fitoterapia, 81, 17-24.
LEE, H. S. 2002. Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum cassia bark-derived component against rat lens aldose reductase. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 5, 226-30.
LEE, M. G., KUO, S. Y., YEN, S. Y., HSU, H. F., LEUNG, C. H., MA, D. L., WEN, Z. H. & WANG, H. M. 2015a. Evaluation of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira extracts on tyrosinase suppressor, wound repair promoter, and antioxidant. ScientificWorldJournal, 2015, 303415.
LEE, S. C., CHEN, C. H., YU, C. W., CHEN, H. L., HUANG, W. T., CHANG, Y. S., HUNG, S. H. & LEE, T. L. 2016. Inhibitory effect of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira ethanol extracts on melanin synthesis via repression of tyrosinase expression. J Biosci Bioeng, 122, 263-9.
LEE, S. C., HSU, J. S., LI, C. C., CHEN, K. M. & LIU, C. T. 2015b. Protective effect of leaf essential oil from Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira on endotoxin-induced intestinal injury in mice associated with suppressed local expression of molecules in the signaling pathways of TLR4 and NLRP3. PLoS One, 10, e0120700.
LEE, S. C., XU, W. X., LIN, L. Y., YANG, J. J. & LIU, C. T. 2013. Chemical composition and hypoglycemic and pancreas-protective effect of leaf essential oil from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira). J Agric Food Chem, 61, 4905-13.
LEE, Y. R., YAMAZAKI, M., MITSUI, S., TSUBOI, R. & OGAWA, H. 2001. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator expressed in hair follicles is involved in in vitro HGF-dependent hair follicle elongation. J Dermatol Sci, 25, 156-63.
LIANG, X., BHATTACHARYA, S., BAJAJ, G., GUHA, G., WANG, Z., JANG, H. S., LEID, M., INDRA, A. K. & GANGULI-INDRA, G. 2012. Delayed cutaneous wound healing and aberrant expression of hair follicle stem cell markers in mice selectively lacking Ctip2 in epidermis. PLoS One, 7, e29999.
LIAO, J. C., DENG, J. S., CHIU, C. S., HOU, W. C., HUANG, S. S., SHIE, P. H. & HUANG, G. J. 2012. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cinnamomum cassia Constituents In Vitro and In Vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012, 429320.
LIN, C., WU, M. & DONG, J. 2012a. Quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (QODG) inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing VEGFR2-mediated signaling in zebrafish and endothelial cells. PLoS One, 7, e31708.
LIN, C. B., HU, Y., ROSSETTI, D., CHEN, N., DAVID, C., SLOMINSKI, A. & SEIBERG, M. 2010. Immuno-histochemical evaluation of solar lentigines: The association of KGF/KGFR and other factors with lesion development. J Dermatol Sci, 59, 91-7.
LIN, T. Y., LIAO, J. W., CHANG, S. T. & WANG, S. Y. 2011. Antidyslipidemic activity of hot-water extracts from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. Phytother Res, 25, 1317-22.
LIN, Y. M., HUANG, Y. L., FONG, Y. C., TSAI, C. H., CHOU, M. C. & TANG, C. H. 2012b. Hepatocyte growth factor increases vascular endothelial growth factor-A production in human synovial fibroblasts through c-Met receptor pathway. PLoS One, 7, e50924.
LU, W., SHAPIRO, J., YU, M., BAREKATAIN, A., LO, B., FINNER, A. & MCELWEE, K. 2006. Alopecia areata: pathogenesis and potential for therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med, 8, 1-19.
MIZUNO, S. & NAKAMURA, T. 2012. Improvement of sepsis by hepatocyte growth factor, an anti-inflammatory regulator: emerging insights and therapeutic potential. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2012, 909350.
O'SHAUGHNESSY, R. F., YEO, W., GAUTIER, J., JAHODA, C. A. & CHRISTIANO, A. M. 2004. The WNT signalling modulator, Wise, is expressed in an interaction-dependent manner during hair-follicle cycling. J Invest Dermatol, 123, 613-21.
OH, J. Y., PARK, M. A. & KIM, Y. C. 2014. Peppermint Oil Promotes Hair Growth without Toxic Signs. Toxicol Res, 30, 297-304.
OSHIMORI, N. & FUCHS, E. 2012. Paracrine TGF-beta signaling counterbalances BMP-mediated repression in hair follicle stem cell activation. Cell Stem Cell, 10, 63-75.
PANDIT, S., CHAUHAN, N. S. & DIXIT, V. K. 2008. Effect of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb on androgen-induced alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol, 7, 199-204.
PARK, K. M., KIM, D. W. & LEE, S. H. 2015. Extract of Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng Promoted the Hair Growth through Regulating the Expression of IGF-1. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015, 413538.
PARK, S., SHIN, W. S. & HO, J. 2011. Fructus panax ginseng extract promotes hair regeneration in C57BL/6 mice. J Ethnopharmacol, 138, 340-4.
PARK, W. S., LEE, C. H., LEE, B. G. & CHANG, I. S. 2003. The extract of Thujae occidentalis semen inhibited 5alpha-reductase and androchronogenetic alopecia of B6CBAF1/j hybrid mouse. J Dermatol Sci, 31, 91-8.
PATEL, S., SHARMA, V., S. CHAUHAN, N., THAKUR, M. & DIXIT, V. K. 2015. Evaluation of hair growth promoting activity of Phyllanthus niruri. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5, 512-519.
PAUS, R. & COTSARELIS, G. 1999. The biology of hair follicles. N Engl J Med, 341, 491-7.
PEUS, D. & PITTELKOW, M. R. 1996. Growth factors in hair organ development and the hair growth cycle. Dermatol Clin, 14, 559-72.
PIERCE, G. F., YANAGIHARA, D., KLOPCHIN, K., DANILENKO, D. M., HSU, E., KENNEY, W. C. & MORRIS, C. F. 1994. Stimulation of all epithelial elements during skin regeneration by keratinocyte growth factor. J Exp Med, 179, 831-40.
POHLERS, D., BRENMOEHL, J., LOFFLER, I., MULLER, C. K., LEIPNER, C., SCHULTZE-MOSGAU, S., STALLMACH, A., KINNE, R. W. & WOLF, G. 2009. TGF-beta and fibrosis in different organs - molecular pathway imprints. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1792, 746-56.
RADEK, K. A., TAYLOR, K. R. & GALLO, R. L. 2009. FGF-10 and specific structural elements of dermatan sulfate size and sulfation promote maximal keratinocyte migration and cellular proliferation. Wound Repair Regen, 17, 118-26.
RAJAMANI, K., LIN, Y. C., WEN, T. C., HSIEH, J., SUBEQ, Y. M., LIU, J. W., LIN, P. C., HARN, H. J., LIN, S. Z. & CHIOU, T. W. 2015. The antisenescence effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on adipose-derived stem cells. Cell Transplant, 24, 493-507.
RAO, Y. K. G., MADAMANCHI ; CHAN, HSIAO-SUNG ; WU, WEN-SHI ; TZENG, YEW-MIN 2009. High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Kaempferol Glycosides in Cinnamomum Osmophloeum Leaves. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 7, 1-9.
RHO, S. S., PARK, S. J., HWANG, S. L., LEE, M. H., KIM, C. D., LEE, I. H., CHANG, S. Y. & RANG, M. J. 2005. The hair growth promoting effect of Asiasari radix extract and its molecular regulation. J Dermatol Sci, 38, 89-97.
ROH, S. S., KIM, C. D., LEE, M. H., HWANG, S. L., RANG, M. J. & YOON, Y. K. 2002. The hair growth promoting effect of Sophora flavescens extract and its molecular regulation. J Dermatol Sci, 30, 43-9.
RUSHAN, X., FEI, H., ZHIRONG, M. & YU-ZHANG, W. 2007. Identification of proteins involved in aggregation of human dermal papilla cells by proteomics. J Dermatol Sci, 48, 189-97.
SAHIB, A. S. 2016. Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect of cinnamon in poorly controlled type-2 diabetic Iraqi patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol, 5, 108-13.
SAWAYA, M. E. & SHAPIRO, J. 2000. Androgenetic alopecia. New approved and unapproved treatments. Dermatol Clin, 18, 47-61, viii.
SCHNEIDER, M. R., SCHMIDT-ULLRICH, R. & PAUS, R. 2009. The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan. Curr Biol, 19, R132-42.
SHENG, X., ZHANG, Y., GONG, Z., HUANG, C. & ZANG, Y. Q. 2008. Improved Insulin Resistance and Lipid Metabolism by Cinnamon Extract through Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors. PPAR Res, 2008, 581348.
SINCLAIR, R. D. 2004. Male androgenetic alopecia. The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 1, 319-327.
STENN, K. S., COMBATES, N. J., EILERTSEN, K. J., GORDON, J. S., PARDINAS, J. R., PARIMOO, S. & PROUTY, S. M. 1996. Hair follicle growth controls. Dermatol Clin, 14, 543-58.
STENN, K. S. & PAUS, R. 2001. Controls of hair follicle cycling. Physiol Rev, 81, 449-494.
SU, H. Y., HICKFORD, J. G., BICKERSTAFFE, R. & PALMER, B. R. 1999. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and hair growth. Dermatol Online J, 5, 1.
TAKASAO, N., TSUJI-NAITO, K., ISHIKURA, S., TAMURA, A. & AKAGAWA, M. 2012. Cinnamon extract promotes type I collagen biosynthesis via activation of IGF-I signaling in human dermal fibroblasts. J Agric Food Chem, 60, 1193-200.
TANG, L., BERNARDO, O., BOLDUC, C., LUI, H., MADANI, S. & SHAPIRO, J. 2003. The expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in follicular dermal papillae correlates with therapeutic efficacy of finasteride in androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol, 49, 229-33.
TORTORA, B. D. A. G. J. 2010. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 8th International student edition edition (2010).
TUNG, Y. T., CHUA, M. T., WANG, S. Y. & CHANG, S. T. 2008. Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresour Technol, 99, 3908-13.
UPRETI, R., HUGHES, K. A., LIVINGSTONE, D. E., GRAY, C. D., MINNS, F. C., MACFARLANE, D. P., MARSHALL, I., STEWART, L. H., WALKER, B. R. & ANDREW, R. 2014. 5alpha-reductase type 1 modulates insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, E1397-406.
VAJDOS, F. F., ULTSCH, M., SCHAFFER, M. L., DESHAYES, K. D., LIU, J., SKELTON, N. J. & DE VOS, A. M. 2001. Crystal structure of human insulin-like growth factor-1: detergent binding inhibits binding protein interactions. Biochemistry, 40, 11022-9.
WANG, J. M. & ZHANG, J. T. 2012-01-01. Progress in Relevant Growth Factors Promoting the Growth of Hair Follicle. v. 7.
WEGER, N. & SCHLAKE, T. 2005. Igf-I signalling controls the hair growth cycle and the differentiation of hair shafts. J Invest Dermatol, 125, 873-82.
XIE, Y., MCELWEE, K. J., OWEN, G. R., HAKKINEN, L. & LARJAVA, H. S. 2012. Integrin beta6-deficient mice show enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and retarded hair follicle regression after depilation. J Invest Dermatol, 132, 547-55.
XIN, X., YANG, S., INGLE, G., ZLOT, C., RANGELL, L., KOWALSKI, J., SCHWALL, R., FERRARA, N. & GERRITSEN, M. E. 2001. Hepatocyte growth factor enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Am J Pathol, 158, 1111-20.
XU, Y., XIA, W., BAKER, D., ZHOU, J., CHA, H. C., VOORHEES, J. J. & FISHER, G. J. 2011. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTP-beta) directly dephosphorylates and regulates hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR/Met) function. J Biol Chem, 286, 15980-8.
YAMAMOTO-FUKUDA, T., TAKAHASHI, H. & KOJI, T. 2012. Expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and its receptor in a middle-ear cavity problem. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 76, 76-81.
YANO, K., BROWN, L. F. & DETMAR, M. 2001. Control of hair growth and follicle size by VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest, 107, 409-17.
YOO, B.-Y., SHIN, Y.-H., YOON, H.-H., SEO, Y.-K. & PARK, J.-K. 2010. Hair follicular cell/organ culture in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 48, 323-331.
ZHANG, N. N., PARK, D. K. & PARK, H. J. 2013. Hair growth-promoting activity of hot water extract of Thuja orientalis. BMC Complement Altern Med, 13, 9.
ZHANG, Y. V., CHEONG, J., CIAPURIN, N., MCDERMITT, D. J. & TUMBAR, T. 2009. Distinct self-renewal and differentiation phases in the niche of infrequently dividing hair follicle stem cells. Cell Stem Cell, 5, 267-78.
ZHAO, J., HARADA, N., KURIHARA, H., NAKAGATA, N. & OKAJIMA, K. 2011. Dietary isoflavone increases insulin-like growth factor-I production, thereby promoting hair growth in mice. J Nutr Biochem, 22, 227-33.