本研究目的為瞭解大專網球甲組選手，在接球時不同時期的視覺行為，內容包含接發球、抽球、截擊、殺球、吊高球、切球等，六項接球技能。研究對象為訓練10年以上之大專甲組男性網球選手，研究一接發球實驗，目的是確認凝視位置在實際球場之可行性，接發球實驗參與者7人。研究二以其他五項接球技能參與者10人。在網球場上實際擊球施測，透過眼動儀器 (Mobile Eye) 蒐集現場有意義的凝視位置，包含上半身、球拍與球體，並採用行為分析軟體 (Mangold Interact)，將所得之凝視時間與次數，依據預備期、執行期及完成期，進行相依樣本二因子變異數分析。研究結果發現：一、接發球時凝視時間與次數最高的位置，分別為預備期凝視上半身，執行期凝視球拍。二、接抽球時則為預備期凝視上半身，執行期凝視球拍。三、接截擊在預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍時間最長，凝視次數最高的位置，則包含球拍與球體。四、接殺球在預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍時間最長，凝視次數最高的位置，則包含球拍與球體。五、接吊高球之預備期凝視球體，執行期凝視球拍與球體。六、接切球之預備期凝視上半身與球體，執行期凝視球拍與球體時間最長，凝視次數最高的位置則為球體。前述所有接球技能之完成期，凝視時間與次數最高的位置皆為球體，驗證在球場上「看球、打球」這句話。結論：當選手將球擊出後，視覺會跟著球體移動，然後專注凝視於球體或陪練員之上半身。當陪練員出現引拍動作時，六項技能皆凝視球拍。此時，為觀察擊球方式與方向的最後時機。最後，當陪練員將球體擊出後的完成期，參與者在六項技能皆為凝視球體。建議：本研究範圍涵蓋網球所有接球技能，在不同時期的視覺凝視行為，所得結果可供教學、訓練參考。

The purpose of this research is to understand the three stages of the visual behavior of tennis players from the advance college tennis group while they are performing six catching skills: the return of serve, ground stroke, volley, overhead smash, lob shot and slice. Our participants were male tennis players from the advance college tennis group who have been trained for over 10 years. In the first of two research experiments, there were 7 players participating in the experiment of returning of serve and thus we can assure that tracking the position of gaze is actually feasible in the field. As for the second experiments, there were 10 players participating in for the other five catching skills. Through the real practice in the field, we found that the positions where the players intentionally gazed at during the catch are the upper part of the body, the grip, and the ball. Meanwhile, we applied Mangold Interact to conduct repeated measured 2-way ANOVA by categorizing the duration and frequencies of the intentional gaze into three stages: preparing, performing and finishing. The results show that: (a) the positions where the longest duration and highest frequency of the gaze fell while the players were returning of serve were the upper part of the body at the preparing stage and the grip at the performing stage; (b) the positions of gaze for returning of stroke were also the upper part of the body at the preparing stage and the grip at the performing stage; (c) when the players were returning of volley, the position of gaze fell to the ball at the preparing stage. However, at the performing stage, it was the grip where the players gazed at the longest while the players gazed at both the grip and the ball the most; (d) similarly, when the players were returning of smash, the position of gaze fell to the ball at the preparing stage. As at the performing stage, it was the grip where the players gazed at the longest while the players gazed at both the grip and the ball the most (e) the position of gaze at the preparing stage of returning of lobs was the ball but both the grip and the ball at the performing stage; (f) in returning of slice, the positions of the gaze lied on the upper part of the body and the ball as well at the preparing stage; however, at the performing stage, the players gazed at the ball and the grip with the longest duration and gazed at the ball with the highest frequencies. At the finishing stage of all six skills, the position where the longest duration and the highest frequency of the gaze fell was the ball, and thus matched the old saying in the tennis field, “See the ball, hit the ball.” To sum up, after the participants hit the ball, their sight would follow the ball and then they would gaze intently at their partner’s upper part of the body or the ball. When their partner began to backswing, the participants would gaze at the grip in all six catching skills and this moment is the last chance to observe the way and the direction of hitting from their opponents. In the end, the participants gazed at the ball in every kind of skill at the finishing stage at which their partner hit the ball. Suggestion: the visual gaze behavior at different stages of all kinds of catching skills is involved in this research. Those who are engaged in related teaching or training activities can take the results into consideration.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
謝誌 IV
目次 V
表次 VII
圖次 IX
第壹章 緒論
第一節 前言 1
第二節 問題背景與研究重要性 4
第三節 研究目的 6
第四節 研究問題 6
第五節 研究假設 7
第六節 研究範圍與限制 8
第七節 名詞操作性定義 9
第貳章 文獻探討
第一節 網球技術介紹與相關研究 11
第二節 運動視覺與注意力相關理論 17
第三節 視覺行為基礎理論與研究 25
第四節 視覺行為應用於網球運動之相關研究 39
第五節 文獻總結 42
第参章 研究方法
第一節 研究一：接發球實驗 43
第二節 研究二：五項技能(接抽球、接截擊、接殺球、接吊高球與接切球)實驗57
第肆章 結果與討論
第一節 研究一：接發球實驗之分析與討論 70
第二節 研究二：五項技能 (接抽球、接截擊、接殺球、接吊高球與接切球)實驗之分析與討論 80
第伍章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 131
第二節 建議 133
參考文獻
中文部份 134
英文部份 138
附錄
附錄一 研究一實驗參與者基本資料 151
附錄二 研究二實驗參與者基本資料 152
附錄三 研究一研究介紹實驗參與者須知與同意書 153
附錄四 研究二研究介紹實驗參與者須知與同意書 154
附錄五 人體實驗委員會核准證書 155

王艾伶、劉雅甄、鄭芳梵 (2008)。優秀女子排球選手與體育相關學系女學生動體視力之比較。北體學報，16，83-92。

王品雅 (2013)。頂尖男子職業網球選手得失分技術類型與使用技術之差異分析－以2011年美國網球公開賽男子單打四強賽為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

呂信漢、蔡尚明、陳五洲 (2012)。足球守門員於防守罰球點球時視覺搜索策略。大專體育學刊，14(2), 180-187。

林如瀚 (2010)。人類視覺控制與運動知覺關係探討。中華體育，24(2)，65-73。

林如瀚 (2011)。眼動儀在運動視覺控制研究的取向與發展。中華體育，25(3)，478-485。

林如瀚 (2013)。籃球教練經驗在進攻策略中視覺特徵差異之比較。體育學報，46(3)，199-208。

林如瀚、劉有德 (2008)。訊息處理的實徵探討－關於籃球比賽暫停決策。體育學報，41(2)，1-12。

林忠民 (2010)。不同技能水準選手及不同情境對籃球防守者眼睛視覺線索的影響(未出版碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，臺北市。

林明聲 (1999)。運動視覺訓練法。臺南市：大坤。

林俊宏、洪彰岑(2005)。影響網球運動表現的因素與訓練之探討。中華體育季刊，19(3)，74-82。

林清和 (2006)。運動學習程式學 (2版)。台北縣：泰宇。

邱昱翔 (2014)。羽球選手於對手擊球前之視覺資訊分析(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立大學，臺北市。

邱豐傑 (2010)。網球公開賽男子單打之技術型態。大專體育學刊，12(1)，83-95。

邱豐傑、李鑑芸、趙曉涵 (2010)。網球公開賽男子單打之發球技能分析研究：以2009年四大網球公開賽為例。台大體育學報，19，37-53。

張碧峰、陳志榮 (2009)。不同場地對男子職業網球選手發球與接發球技術之影響。體育學報，42(4)，29-41。

張碧峰、劉佳哲 (2014)。優秀網球選手之下肢網球專項體能與底線擊球能力之 研究。運動教練科學，34，1-9。

莊惠雯、江勁彥 (2007)。網球截擊技術與應用分析。大專體育，93，15-23。

陳志明 (2008)。不同技能水準的網球選手對平擊球路預期能力之研究。福爾摩沙體育學刊，2，15-24。

陳俊汕 (1995)。反應時間與預期在快速運動項目的重要性。中華體育季刊，8(4)，39-47。

陳俊汕 (2005)。運動視覺與選擇性注意的機轉及其在運動上的應用。大專體育，78，200-209。

陳彥文 (2011)。不同技能水準、性別與凝視位置對空手道選手防守凝視控制之影響(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。

彭暐婷 (2011)。不同技能水準的射箭選手對射箭瞄準視覺穩定度之比較研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。

游宗龍 (2012)。棒球選手凝視位置差異對短打技能表現的影響(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。

黃千綺 (2009) 。跆拳道運動員與一般健康人之視覺技巧差異(未出版碩士論文)。長庚大學，桃園縣。

黃僅喻、劉佳哲、張凱隆、劉錦璋 (2014)。頂尖男子網球選手接發球回擊策略分析：以Djokovic 與Federer 為例。運動研究，23(2)，21-30。

溫廷傑 (2011)。不同背景變項之大專網球選手運動心理堅韌性之研究。休閒運動期刊，10，123-134。

溫卓謀、林清和 (2000)。不同技能層次羽球運動員不同時間壓力擊球情境視覺注意力分配之比較。體育學報，28，213-222.

趙曉雯、趙曉涵、王鶴森、周峻忠 (2015)。核心訓練搭配阻力訓練對大專甲組女子網球選手技能表現之影響。體育學報，48(3)，239-250。

劉有德 (2008)。運動技能學習。台北：禾楓書局。

劉佩柔 (2012)。不同技能水準跳遠選手在助跑階段視覺凝視的差異(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。

劉強、鍾宇政、張德照 (2000)。運動視覺之初探。大專體育，47， 53-58。

劉雅甄 (2003)。動體視力在運動中的意義與應用。中華體育季刊，17(2)，57-65.

劉雅甄 (2006)。不同棒球球齡選手之動體視力發展特徵。體育學報，39(2)， 41-49。

蕭丞邑、陳志榮、陳東韋 (2017)。國高中網球選手心理技能與心理堅韌性之差異研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，16(3)，80-92。

謝坤哲 (2007)。網頁圖文數量與位置配置對於成年人與青少年的偏好與眼球運動之影響-以購物網站為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。

鍾玉璇 (2012)。跨欄選手學習歷程之視覺凝視變異分析(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。

簡瑞宇 (2015)。網球技術因子對比賽勝負的影響及各因子之相關性研究－以大滿貫男單冠軍選手納達爾為例。臺灣體育學術研究，59，57-78。

顏政通、陳五洲、游能揚、林國全 (2015)。不同技術水準排球員對舉球的視覺判斷策略分析。大專體育學刊，17(1)，77-86。

Abernethy, B. (1988). Visual search in sport and ergonomics: Its relationship to selective attention and performer expertise. Human Performance, 4, 205-235.

Abernethy, B., Baker, J., & Côté, J. (2005). Transfer of pattern recall skills may contribute to the development of sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(6), 705-718.

Afonso, J., Garganta, J., Mcrobert, A., Williams, A. M., & Mesquita, I. (2012). The perceptual cognitive processes underpinning skilled performance in volleyball: Evidence from eye-movements and verbal reports of thinking involving an in situ representative task. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11(2), 339-345.

Afonso, J., Garganta, J., McRobert, A., Williams, M., & Mesquita, I. (2014). Visual search behaviours and verbal reports during film-based and in situ representative tasks in volleyball. European Journal of Sport Science,14(2), 177–184.

Albrecht, R. R., & Feltz, D. L. (1987). Generality and Specificity of Attention Belated to Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(3), 231-248.

Baiget, E., Corbi, F., Fuentes, J. P., & Fernández-Fernández, J. (2016). The relationship between maximum isometric strength and ball velocity in the tennis serve. Journal of Human Kinetics, 53(1), 63-71

Broadbent, D.E. (1977). Levels, hierarchies, and the locus of control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 181-201.

Bryan, W.L., & Harter, N. (1899). Studies of the telegraphic language. The acquisition of a hierarchy of habits. Psychological Review, 6, 345-375.

Carboch, J. (2015). The toss of tennis serves: professional vs amateur. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 2(2), 200-204.

Cash, J. (1996). The relationship of dynamic visual acuity to skill on a tennis-related task. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina.

Cooke, L. (2005). Eye tracking: How it works and how it relates to usability. Technical Communication, 52(4), 456-463.

Cooper, R. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language process. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 84-107.

Egeth, H. E., & Yantis, S. (1997). Visual attention: Control, representation, and time course. Annual Review of Psychology, 48(1), 269-297.

Eriksen, C. W., & Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(5), 538-597.

Etzel Jr, E. F. (1979). Validation of a conceptual model characterizing attention among international rifle shooters. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(4), 281-290.

Fukuhara, K., Ida, H., & Ishii, M. (2007). Anticipation of tennis serves from computer graphics animation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, pS73-S73.

Gabbett, T. J., & Abernethy, B. (2013). Expert–novice differences in the anticipatory skill of rugby league players. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(2), 138-155.
Gallwey, W. T. (1974). The inner game of tennis. New York: Random House.

Goulet, C., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1989). Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual information processing approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 382-398.

Gucciardi, D., & Gordon, S. (Eds.). (2011). Mental toughness is sport: Developments in theory and research. Routledge.

Helsen, W., & Pauwels, J. M. (1993). A cognitive approach to visual search in sport. In Visual Search 2: Proceedings Of The 2nd International Conference On Visual Search (pp. 379-388). London: Taylor & Francis.

Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 498-504.

Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. (1998). Eye movements during scene viewing: An overview. In Eye guidance in reading and scene perception 269-293.

Hizan, H., Whipp, P., & Reid, M. (2017). Post-match recall of serve and serve-return patterns in high-performance junior male and female tennis players. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(6S), 468-489.

Hizan, H., Whipp, P., Reid, M., & Wheat, J. (2014). A comparative analysis of the spatial distributions of the serve return. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(3), 884-893.

Isaacs, L. D., & Finch, A. E. (1983). Anticipatory timing of beginning and intermediate tennis players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(2), 451-454.

Ishigaki, H., & Miyao, M. (1993). Differences in dynamic visual acuity between athletes and nonathletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3), 835-839.

Jackson, R. C., Abernethy, B., & Wernhart, S. (2007). An expert (dis) advantage in perceptual skill? Susceptibility to deception when viewing normal and blurred motion. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 20.

Jacobs, D. M. and Michaels, C. F. (2002). On the paradox of learning and paradigm. Ecological Psychology 14, 127-140.

Janelle, C. M., Hillman, C. H., Apparies, R. J., & Hatfield, B. D. (2000a). Concurrent measurement or EEG and visual indices of attention during rifle shooting: An exploratory case study. International Journal of Sports Vision, 6, 21-29.

Krugman, D., Fox, R. J., Fletcher, J., Fischer, P. M., & Rojas, T. H. (1994). Do adolescents attend to warnings in cigarette advertising? An eye-tracking approach. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(6), 40-52.

Land, M. F., & McLeod, P. (2000). From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball. Nature Neuroscience, 3(12), 1340-1345.

Latash, M. L. (2012). Fundamentals of motor control. CA: Elsevier.

Lee, D. N. (1978). The functions of vision. In H. L. Pick, Jr &E. Saltziman(Eds.), Modes of perceiving and processing information (pp.159-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Loffing, F., & Hagemann, N. (2014). Skill differences in visual anticipation of type of throw in team-handball penalties. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(3), 260-267.

Logan, G. D. (1979). On the use of a concurrent memory load to measure attention and automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 189-207.

Logan, G. D. (1985). Skill and Automaticity: Relations, Implications, and Future Directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39(2), 367-386

Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95(4), 492-527.

Logan, G. D. (1992). Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity . The American Journal of Psychology, 105(2), 317-339.

Logan, G.D., & Cowan, W.B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295-327.

Logan, G.D., Zbrodoff, N.J., & Fbstey, A.R. (1983). Costs and benefits of strategy construction in a speeded discrimination task. Memory and Cognition, 11, 485-493.

Lohse, G. L. (1997). Consumer eye movement patterns on yellow pages advertising. Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 61-73.

Loran, D. F. C., & MacEwan, C. J. (1997). Sports Vision. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Mann, D. L., Farrow, D., Shuttleworth, R., & Hopwood, M. (2009). The influence of viewing perspective on decision-making and visual search behavior in an invasive sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40, 546-564.

Masaru, W., Yu, Y., & Hisao, I. (2007). Reserch on sports vision abilities of junior tennis players. Maizuru National College of Technology, 42, 26-32.

Millslagle, D. G. (2000). Dynamic visual acuity and coincidence-anticipation timing by experienced and inexperienced women players of fast pitch softball. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(2), 498-504.

Millslagle, D. G., Hines, B. B., & Smith, M. S. (2013). Quiet eye gaze behavior of expert, and near-expert, baseball plate umpires. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116(1), 69-77.

Morris, G. S.,& Kreighbaum, E. (1977). Dynamic visual acuity of varsity women volleyball and basketball players. Research Quarterly, 48(2), 480-483.

Murray, N. P., & Hunfalvay, M. (2016). A comparison of visual search strategies of elite and non-elite tennis players through cluster analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(3) 1-6.

Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition ( p. 1-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Nideffer, R. M. (1976). Test of attentional and interpersonal style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 394-404.

Nougier, V., Stein, J. F., & Bonnel, A. M. (1991). Information processing in sport and orienting of attention. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 307-322.

Panchuk, D., & Vickers, J. N. (2006). Gaze behaviors of goaltenders under spatial–temporal constraints. Human Movement Science, 25(6), 733-752.

Park, S. (2005). The Change of Gaze Behavior, Eye-Head Coordination, and Temporal Characteristics of Swing by Task Constraints in Tennis Volley Strokes. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 17(1).51-70

Passos, P., Araújo, D., Davids, K., & Shuttleworth, R. (2008). Manipulating constraints to train decision making in rugby union. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(1), 125-140.

Pelz, J. B., Canosa, R., Babcock, J., Kucharczyk, D., Silver, A., & Konno, D. (2000). Portable eyetracking: A study of natural eye movements. Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, 3959, 566-583.

Piras, A., Pierantozzi, E., & Squatrito, S. (2014). Visual search strategy in judo fighters during the execution of the first grip. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(1), 185-198.

Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., & Shen, J. (2001). Investigating the visual span in comparative search: The effects of task difficulty and divided attention. Cognition, 81(2), 57-67.

Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109(2), 160-174.

Poulter, D. R., Jackson, R. C., Wann, J. P., & Berry, D. C. (2005). The effect of learning condition on perceptual anticipation, awareness, and visual search. Human Movement Science, 24(3), 345-361.

Reason, J.T., & Myceilska, K. (1982). Absent minded: The psychology of mental lapses and everyday errors. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Reina, R., Moreno, F. J., & Sanz, D. (2007). Visual behavior and motor responses of novice and experienced wheelchair tennis players relative to the service return. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 24(3), 254-271.

Roca, A., Ford, P. R., McRobert, A. P., & Williams, A. M. (2011). Identifying the processes underpinning anticipation and decision-making in a dynamic time-constrained task. Cognitive Processing, 12(3), 301-310.

Rosbergen, E., Pieters, R., & Wedel, M. (1997). Visual attention to advertising: A segment-level analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(3), 305-314.

Sanderson, F. H., & Whiting, H. T. (1974). Dynamic visual acuity and performance in a catching task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 6, 87-94.

Sanderson, F. H., & Whiting, H. T. (1978). Dynamic visual acuity: A possible factor in catching performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 10(1), 7-14

Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Williams, A. M., Van der Kamp, J., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 279–287.

Savelsbergh, G. J., & Davids, K. (2002). Keeping the eye on the ball’: The legacy of John Whiting (1929-2001) in sport science. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 79-82.


Schmidt, R.A. (1991) Motor learning and performance; From principles to practice. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

Schneider, W., & Fisk, A. D. (1982). Degree of consistent training: Improvements in search performance and automatic process development. Perception & Psychophysics, 31(2), 160-168.

Schonborn, R.(1999). Advanced techniques for competitive tennis.Olten (CH)：Meyer &Meyer Verlag.

Shim, J., Carlton, L. G., & Kwon, Y. H. (2006). Perception of kinematic characteristics of tennis strokes for anticipating stroke type and direction. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77(3), 326-339.

Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Chen, D., Steinberg, G. M., & Frehlich, S. G. (1996). Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 9-26.

Singer, R. N., Williams, A. M., Frehlich, S. G., Janelle, C. M., Radlo, S. J., Barba, D. A., & Bouchard, L. J. (1998). New frontiers in visual search: An exploratory study in live tennis situations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(3), 290-296.

Steciuk, H., & Zwierko, T. (2015). Gaze behavior in basketball shooting: Preliminary investigations. Trends in Sport Sciences, 22(2), 89-94.

Tayler, M. A., Burwitz, L., & Davids, K. (1994). Coaching perceptual strategy in badminton. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12, 213.

Treisman, A.M., & Davies, A. (1973). Divided attention to ear and to eye, In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention and performance IV. New York: Academic Press.

Treistman, J., & Gregg, J. P. (1979). Visual, verbal, and sales responses to print ads. Journal of Advertising Research, 19(4), 41-47.

Vaverka, F., Stromsik, P. and Zhanel, J. (2003). Player preparation for service return - a biomachanics viewpoint. In: Tennis Science & Technology 2. Ed: Miller, S.International Tennis Federation.193-198

Vickers, J. N. (1992). Gaze control in putting (hits vs. misses).[Abstract]. North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. Asilomar 123.

Vickers, J. N. (2004). The quite eye: It’s the difference between good putter and poor one. Golf Digest, January, 96-101.

Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quite eye in action. New York: Human Kinetics.

Vickers, J. N. (2012). Neuroscience of the Quiet Eye in Golf Putting. International Journal of Golf Science,1, 2-9.

Vickers, J. N.(1996). Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 342-354.

Vickers, J. N., Rodrigues, S. T., & Edworthy, G. (2000).Quite eye and accuracy in the dart throw. International Journal of Sports Vision, 6, 30-36.

Ward, P., Williams, A. M., & Bennett, S. J. (2002). Visual search and biological motion perception in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 73(1), 107-112.

Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2000). Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: A model and findings. Marketing Science, 19(4), 297-312.

Williams A. M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J. G. (1994). Visual search strategy of experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 127-135.

Williams, A. M. (2000). Perceptual skill in soccer: Implications for talent identification and development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 737-750.

Williams, A. M., & Davids, K. (1998). Visual search strategy, selective attention and expertise in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(2), 111-128.

Williams, A. M., & Ericsson, K. A. (2005). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: Some considerations when applying the expert performance approach. Human Movement Science, 24(3), 283-307.

Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2008). Expertise and expert performance in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 4-18.

Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. London: E & FN Spon.

Williams, A. M., Ford, P. R., Eccles, D. W., & Ward, P. (2011). Perceptual‐cognitive expertise in sport and its acquisition: Implications for applied cognitive psychology. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(3), 432-442.

Williams, A. M., Singer, R.A., & Frehlich, S.(2002). Quite eye duration, expertise, and task complexity in a near and far aiming task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34,197-207.

Young, E. (1984). Visibility achieved by outdoor advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 24(4), 19-21.