本研究目的為以社區居民、國內遊客以及大陸遊客的觀點，探索社區觀光發展下形成地方感的前因與構面，並試圖建構涵蓋不同利害關係人觀點的地方感模式，以深入了解社區觀光發展中人與地方的關係。本研究以質性研究方法進行，花蓮縣瑞穗鄉富源社區為本研究實地，以立意取樣以及滾雪球取樣的方式選取58位受訪者，包括20位社區居民（12位一般居民、8位富源社區發展協會人員）、21位國內遊客以及17位大陸遊客。「照片引談法」則用來收集研究資料，研究者邀請所有遊客參加一日富源社區小旅行，要求所有的遊客根據「照片拍攝指引說明」在社區內拍攝10-15張照片，依據其拍攝的照片內容進行半結構式的訪談，本研究共收集737張照片以及撰打696頁訪談逐字稿。採用內容分析法分析研究資料，研究者反思、同儕審視、研究歷程檢核以及研究者三角檢證則用來建立本研究的可信賴度。

本研究發現，社區觀光發展下共有五個地方感構面，包括「地方依附」、「地方依賴」、「地方認同」、「地方承諾」與「地方憂愁」，以及七個前因，分別為「個人記憶」、「需求」、「自我意識」、「變遷」、「願景」、「社會與環境互動」與「參與投入」；再者，本研究發現地方感的前因與構面，以及構面之間有相互連結性，根據其連接的特性可將地方感構面歸納成「情感構面」與「社區觀光構面」，而前因則可以區分成「獨立前因」與「綜合前因」。另外，「生活環境」、「個人需求」、「互動」與「行為」為引起居民與遊客不同地方感的因素，而「政治結構」與「土地使用政策」則為國內與大陸遊客產生不同地方感的主因。

根據本研究的結果，地方感在社區觀光發展中可作為行銷策略以及發展觀光行程的元素，並且檢視社區觀光的優勢與劣勢，更重要的是在市場需求以及環境保護之間找到理想的平衡點。

Sense of place is an important concept in the community-based tourism (CBT) context because it assists managers to deal with tourism-related impacts upon communities; however, in the existing of tourism literature, there has been a neglected in comprehending sense of place from various’ stakeholders’ perspectives. Accordingly, this study attempted to explore the components and antecedents of sense of place from three key stakeholders’ viewpoints (i.e., residents, domestic tourists, and Mainland Chinese tourists), and to construct a comprehensive model of sense of place in the CBT context.

Fu Yuan Community (FYC) is a well-known Hakka community for its successful CBT development in Rui Sui Township, which is located in southern Hualien County, Taiwan. Every year there are over 45,000 visitors that are attracted by its rich cultures, festivals and natural resources. Given its success in CBT, FYC was selected as the study site for exploring the antecedents and components of sense of place from different stakeholder groups in this study.

A qualitative research design was adopted in this study, which consisted of a two-step data collection method: photo elicitation and follow-up interviews. In the first step, the photo voice approach of the photo elicitation method was adopted. Participants were invited to take 10-15 photos of the FYC that were meaningful to them. In the second step, semi-structured interviews were used to understand how the participants interpreted and articulated the meanings of the “place” captured in their photos. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were adopted to select the participants from three stakeholder groups in the community: residents, domestic tourists, and Mainland Chinese tourists. A total of fifty-eight participants, which consisted of twelve residents, eight Fu Yuan Community Development Association members (FYCDA members), twenty-one domestic tourists, and seventeen Mainland Chinese tourists, were recruited. A total of 737 photos were collected and 696 pages of transcribed interview texts were gathered from residents (277 photos; 336 pages of text), domestic tourists (256 photos; 195 pages of text), and Mainland Chinese tourists (204 photos; 165 pages of text), respectively. To analyze the collected data, three types of coding processes were adopted, namely, open, axial, and selective coding.

Based on the findings, five critical components of sense of place in the CBT context were identified: (1) place attachment, (2) place dependence, (3) place identity, (4) place commitment, and (5) place melancholy. Furthermore, seven antecedents of sense of place were recognized: (1) personal memories, (2) requirements, (3) self-consciousness, (4) conversion, (5) vision, (6) social and environmental interaction, and (7) involvement.

The connections among the components of sense of place were identified in the CBT context, which divided the components into two main categories: emotion components (place attachment, dependence, and identity) and CBT components (place commitment and melancholy). Emotion components of sense of place in the CBT context were the major emotions towards the community. CBT components were developed by participants’ main emotions to the community that specifically revealed in the CBT context.

Additionally, according to the connections between the antecedents and the components, the antecedents can be divided into two categories: independent antecedents (personal memory, requirement, and self-consciousness) and complex antecedents (conversion, vision, social and environmental interaction, and commitment and involvement). The independent antecedents directly caused one of the emotion components of sense of place in the CBT context. The complex antecedents aroused multiple components of sense of place in the CBT context, which included the emotion and CBT components.

The different sense of place among the residents/FYCDA members and tourists were based on their dissimilar living environments, personal requirements, interactions, and behaviors. The perceptions of people-place relationship in the CBT context varied between the domestic and Mainland Chinese tourists, by political structure as well as land use policy.

Based on the antecedents and components, sense of place is a complex psychosocial structure. In particular, place commitment and melancholy were identified as vital behaviors for sustainable CBT development. Accordingly, the individuals’ sense of place can be used to design marketing strategies and tourism programs, review strengths and weaknesses regarding CBT development, and balance goals regarding environmental protection and tourism development.

Chapter 1 － Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 5
1.2.1 Different attitudes towards community between resident and tourist 5
1.2.2 An oversimplified model of sense of place 7
1.2.3 Sense of place in cross-cultural perspective 10
1.3 Purposes and Specific Objectives of the Study 12
1.4 Definition of Terms 13
1.5 Organization of the Thesis 14

Chapter2 － Literature Review 17
2.1 Community-Based Tourism 17
2.1.1 Concept of community-based tourism 17
2.1.2 Definition of community-based tourism 19
2.1.3 Application of community-based tourism 21
2.2 Related Theories of Community-Based Tourism 25
2.2.1 Stakeholder theory 26
2.2.2 Power relations theory 35
2.2.3 Ladder of citizen participation theory 38
2.2.4 Collaboration theory 40
2.2.5 Social capital theory 44
2.2.6 Social exchange theory 46
2.3 Sense of Place 49
2.3.1 Concept of sense of place 49
2.3.2 Definition of sense of place 50
2.3.3 Structure of sense of place 53
2.3.4 Antecedents of sense of place 59
2.3.5 Qualitative approach of sense of place in tourism and community 64
2.3.6 Sense of place in the CBT context 70
2.4 Conceptual Framework 75

Chapter3 － Methodology 79
3.1 Research Philosophy and Method 79
3.2 Research Design 85
3.3 Research Setting 88
3.4 Photo Elicitation 92
3.5 Data Collection 94
3.6 Data analysis 97
3.7 Trustworthiness 98
3.8 Ethical Considerations 101

Chapter4 － Findings and Discussion 103
4.1 Three Different Stakeholder Participant Profiles 103
4.2 Antecedents and Components of Sense of Place in the CBT Context 108
4.2.1 Sense of Place Components 108
4.2.2 The Relationships among the Components of Sense of Place 123
4.2.3 Emotion Components and CBT Components of Sense of Place 130
4.2.4 Antecedents of Sense of Place 132
4.2.5 Independent Antecedents and Complex Antecedents 201
4.3 Comparing a Sense of Place among Stakeholders 203
4.3.1 Sense of Place between Residents/FYCDA Members and Tourists 203
4.3.2 Sense of Place between Domestic Tourists and Mainland Chinese Tourists 208

Chapter5 － Conclusion 211
5.1 Reviewing the Research Objectives 211
5.1.1 Research Objective 1 211
5.1.2 Research Objective 2 213
5.1.3 Research Objective 3 215
5.1.4 Research Objective 4 216
5.2 Theoretical Contributions 217
5.3 Managerial Implications 220
5.4 Limitations and Future Research Directions 222

References 225
Appendix 247
Appendix A－Photo Elicitation Interview Guide 247
Appendix B－Letter of Consent 248
Appendix C－Interview Guide and Questions 249
Appendix D－The frequencies of photos and responses on sense of place components 252
Appendix E－The connections among sense of place components 253
Appendix F－The frequencies of photos and responses on sense of place antecedents 254
Appendix G－The CBT program in FYC 256

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