The increasing prevalence of wireless healthcare services and the exponential growth of mobile phone usage have stimulated research efforts focused on understanding user behavior within the realm of mobile health (mHealth). To comprehensively grasp actual usage behavior, it is crucial to identify the factors that influence user behavioral intention. Regrettably, only a limited number of studies have explicitly investigated customer behavioral intention towards mHealth in Indonesia. Addressing this research gap, the present study adopts Socio-Technical Theory as an overarching theoretical framework within the context of the mHealth business model. This study develops a complex theoretical model that undergoes empirical scrutiny through three distinct studies. Study 1 employs a classroom experimental design, involving students from the Department of Management at the University of Bengkulu. The findings confirm that higher usability and aesthetics significantly contribute to greater intention to use mHealth apps. Furthermore, the study reveals that app security strengthens the positive relationship between usability and intention to use mHealth apps, as well as the positive relationship between aesthetics and intention to use mHealth apps. Meanwhile, Study 2 adopts a survey design, encompassing 358 eligible respondents. The results highlight the mediating effect of trust, which plays a crucial role in bridging the positive relationship between usability and intention to use mHealth apps, as well as the positive relationship between aesthetics and intention to use mHealth apps. However, the study fails to establish the moderating effect of openness to change in the positive relationship between usability and intention to use mHealth apps. Conversely, the moderating effect of openness to change in the positive relationship between aesthetics and intention to use mHealth apps is significant, albeit with an opposite direction. Finally, In Study 3, a classroom experimental design is employed, involving students from the Department of Management at two universities in Indonesia: University of Persada Indonesia and University of Jember. The study validates that positive online reviews exert a substantial influence on the formation of intention to use mHealth apps. Additionally, it reveals that trust in reviewers amplifies the positive relationship between positive online reviews and intention to use mHealth apps. Overall, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the factors that influence user behavioral intention towards mHealth in Indonesia. By adopting a socio-technical perspective, this study enhances our understanding of user acceptance and engagement with mHealth applications, paving the way for more effective implementation and utilization of mHealth services in the Indonesian context.

Title Page i
Certificate of Approval iii
Declaration of Dissertation Originality v
Acknowledgement vii
Abstract xi
Table of Contents xiii
List of Tables xvii
List of Figures xix

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Motivations 4
1.3 Research Gaps 6
1.4 Research Questions 9
1.5 Research Objectives 12
1.6 Research Structure 13

Chapter 2 Literature Review 15
2.1 Socio-Technical Theory 15
2.2 Research Constructs 18
2.2.1 Perceived Usability 18
2.2.2 Perceived Aesthetics 21
2.2.3 Online Reviews 24
2.2.4 Trust 26
2.2.5 Openness to Change 28
2.2.6 Perceived Apps Security 30
2.2.7 Behavioral Intention 31
2.3 Hypotheses Development 32
2.3.1 mHealth Apps Usability and Aesthetics to Intention to Use 32
2.3.2 The Moderating Effect of mHealth Apps Security 36
2.3.3 The Mediating Effect of Trust in mHealth Apps 38
2.3.4 The Moderating Effect of Openness to Change 40
2.3.5 Online Reviews to Intention to Use mHealth Apps 42
2.3.6 The Moderating Effect of Trust in Reviewers 45

Chapter 3 Research Method 49
3.1 Study 1 49
3.1.1 Research Framework 49
3.1.2 Procedures 50
3.1.3 Participants 51
3.1.4 Measures 53
3.1.5 Data Analysis 55
3.2 Study 2 55
3.2.1 Research Framework 55
3.2.2 Measurement Items 56
3.2.3 Data Collection and Samples 58
3.2.4 Data Analysis 59
3.3 Study 3 60
3.3.1 Research Framework 60
3.3.2 Procedures 61
3.3.3 Participants 62
3.3.4 Measures 63
3.3.5 Data Analysis 64

Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results 65
4.1 Study 1 65
4.1.1 The effects of usability and aesthetics on the intention to use mHealth apps 65
4.1.1.1 Pretest procedures and results 65
4.1.1.2 Manipulation checks 66
4.1.1.3 Hypothesis testing 66
4.1.2 The moderating effects of mHealth apps security 68
4.1.2.1 Pretest procedures and results 68
4.1.2.2 Manipulation checks 69
4.1.2.3 Hypothesis testing 70
4.2 Study 2 73
4.2.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 74
4.2.2 Descriptive Analysis of the Constructs 75
4.2.3 Validity and Reliability Analysis 79
4.2.4 Common Method Variance 82
4.2.5 Hypotheses Testing 82
4.2.5.1 The Mediating Effect of Trust 82
4.2.5.2 The Moderating Effect of Openness to Change 85
4.3 Study 3 86
4.3.1 The direct effects of online reviews on the intention to use mHealth apps 86
4.3.1.1 Pretest procedures and results 86
4.3.1.2 Manipulation checks 87
4.3.1.3 Hypothesis testing 88
4.3.2 The moderating effects of trust in reviewers 89
4.3.2.1 Pretest procedures and results 89
4.3.2.2 Manipulation checks 90
4.3.2.3 Hypothesis testing 91

Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 93
5.1 Discussion 93
5.1.1 The Effects of Usability and Aesthetics on the Intention to Use mHealth Apps 94
5.1.2 The Moderating Effects of mHealth Apps Security on the Relationship between Usability/Aesthetics and Intention to Use mHealth Apps 95
5.1.3 The Mediating Effect of Trust on the Relationship between Usability/Aesthetics and Intention to Use mHealth Apps 96
5.1.4 The Moderating Effect of Openness to Change on the Relationship between Usability/Aesthetics and Trust 97
5.1.5 The Direct Effects of Online Reviews on the Intention to Use mHealth Apps 98
5.1.6 The Moderating Effects of Trust in Reviewer on the Relationship between Online Reviews and Intention to Use mHealth Apps 99
5.2 Research Contributions 100
5.2.1 Academic Contributions 100
5.2.2 Practical Contributions 102
5.3 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research 106

References 109
Appendix 1 Experiment Questionnaire Design for Study 1 129
Appendix 2 Survey Questionnaire Design for Study 2 141
Appendix 3 Experiment Questionnaire Design for Study 3 145

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